IN THE BEGINNING…


How long will you judge unfairly and ignore the ways of the powerful? Defend the weak and the fatherless; uphold the cause of the poor and the oppressed. Rescue the weak and the needy; free them from the grasp of the wicked. The wealthy understand nothing. They walk around in the dark and shake the earth.  I said that you are gods; every one of you are sons of the MOST HIGH. But you will die like ordinary people; you will fall like all the other rulers.
Psalm 82


Folks who follow me on Quora know that I consider the coronavirus disease of 2019 an existential threat to all life on Earth. Unless and until evidence for immunity emerges, the threat to humans borders on an apocalypse of biblical proportions. 

I suppose that soon after this essay is published a miraculous cure — a vaccine maybe — will pop out of the woodwork and everyone will be saved. When the miracle happens, I will look like the biggest fool in the blogosphere, right?

For anyone who has read the Bible story, they will know what it means to feel a little like Jonah who was swallowed by a really big fish after he tried to sail away from God in a boat. God ordered him to warn a city of bad people that their town was on the chopping block if they didn’t change their ways and worship the LORD. 

Jonah figured the journey to Nineveh was pointless. The people would kill him for nothing, because nothing was going to change. He’d be dead before he got off the beach. Besides, he hated the people of Nineveh. Let God kill them all. The world would be a better place. 

After the really big fish puked out Jonah, the man decided that dying was better than being swallowed so he did his duty. He went.

In the last scene of the story Jonah is angry because his half-digested appearance seems to have scared everyone in the city; people changed! The city purged itself of idols and worshipped GOD.

Okay… What’s the point?

The MOST HIGH has a different view apparently about the nature of people than do their leaders — even when their leaders claim to serve the LORD and do His will. God half-killed Jonah to save a city of people who on a good day wouldn’t give Him even a moment of their precious time.

Why? 

Well, one has to read the Bible to learn the answer, but who has the time? It’s a big book with a lot of pages.

Not interested.

Pass. 

Anyway, this essay is a kind of diary of the things I’ve written about Covid-19 on both Facebook and Quora.

My Facebook page is private — family and a few friends only. Readers will never find it.  For this essay, the public gets to peek into a small part of it. Comments, time stamps, and self-identifying information are deleted.

Quora is public. Between the two spaces, tens-of-thousands have read my rants. I don’t know, it might be a lot more. It might be hundreds-of-thousands. Millions maybe? It’s a lot of people to play the fool before, so for my sake let’s hope it’s closer to a few dozen.  

This essay is for those who want to learn more about the 2019 corona-style virus and the threat it poses to all life in the absence of any evidence of acquired immunity or the introduction of safe and effective vaccines. The essay will start with the first words I published about the subject and end with the last. Facebook rants are identified by “FB” and the date in bold text.

In the initial release of this essay, only Facebook content will be included. Over the next few months, content first published on Quora might be folded into places where it will possibly aid understanding about the nature of a pandemic that I for one believe threatens all life.  

So, check back from time to time to learn more, or go to Quora and review my content. 

The more that is learned about this virus the more pernicious it seems to  become. At first, folks thought Covid-19 killed and damaged the old, the diseased, and the confined. It sickened meat workers and prisoners. It freed up beds in nursing homes. 

Now folks are learning that it takes their children, grandchildren, even their babies. In the absence of immunity, it strikes again and again like an angry bee until its venom induces cytokine storms and PIMS (Pediatric Inflammatory Multi-Symptom Syndrome).

Some call it MIS-C for Multi-symptom Inflammatory Syndrome in Children. 

What terrible syndromes will we learn about next? The disease is little more than 12 weeks old in the USA. Experts know almost nothing about it. Yet everyone and their brother is selling the government the promise of a cure. 

In the absence of miracles, the heart of every survivor is going to break under the boot of this disease.

God help us all. 


IN THE BEGINNING…

EDITORS NOTE:  60 days ago on March 11, 2020 Americans dead from Covid-19 numbered 38. Total diagnosed cases stood at 1,267. Today (10 May 2020) the number of dead is 80,040. Diagnosed cases number 1,347,318.  It is one-third of the world’s victims. 

FB March 11, 2020
Everyone who wants to live, watch this… Corona virus.


FB March 12
Disneyland is closed!

FB March 12
I alone can fix it.

FB March 12
Sanjay Gupta told Chris Cuomo that 2 patients have contracted Covid-19 twice. It means that getting the virus might not confer immunity. If true, this nightmare won’t end until we have a vaccine.

FB March 13
Last week the president called CNN reporter Abby Phillip stupid; today he called award winning PBS journalist Yamiche Alcindor nasty…


Abby Phillip

Yamiche Alcindor

Trump can’t leave office soon enough. He’s a lunatic and a racist monster — plus he lies about everything.

Who wants to be lied to?

Not me.

He blames everything on Obama. I’m getting sick of this guy, and it’s not because he’s a pig. As it happens, I’m fond of pigs — especially little ones.

I listened to the former director of the pandemics group (set up under national security by Obama) say that DT disbanded the group in 2018 and reassigned its members. The former head said that deleting it was the reason this administration is two months late on testing.

Trump claimed he never heard of the group when Alcindor asked him; he said it was a nasty question. The director of the group contradicted him later on national television.

Who is the liar? I think it’s obvious to anyone who has any sense at all.

FB March 13
Experts are saying that early reports are showing that 40% of those who recover from Covid-19 have permanent lung damage.

FB March 13
Two weeks ago, the president said the coronavirus cases would go to zero; that the disease would end by itself; it would be like a miracle.

Today he calls a National Emergency that gives him the powers of a dictator.

In the meantime, he is shaking everyone’s hands and slapping himself on the back. His daughter is under quarantine and he has been knowingly exposed to the virus at Mara Lago.

He says he hasn’t been tested. I’d bet my house he’s lying.

FB March 13
As of 9PM tonight 7% of the Corona Virus victims worldwide who are over the disease have died from it.

FB March 14
I saw some encouraging graphical evidence tonight that shows that in China and South Korea the duration of the bell curve that tracks the daily rise and fall of infections was about 3 months.

The conclusion is that aggressive surveillance and quarantine can put out the initial fire; afterwards looking for hotspots and dousing them can keep disease rates down and enable folks to get back to normal living.

In the meantime, a Chinese billionaire has hired Dr. Ho—who developed the protocols to save HIV patients—to direct 4 different teams to conquer the Corona virus.

Dr. Ho said on Rachel Maddow that they already know a lot about the virus; he is hoping to have some testable therapies in 2 to 4 months. If so, they can get whatever drugs or vaccines they come up with to the general public sometime after.

What everyone has to do is trim their fingernails, wash their hands frequently, and don’t mingle too much until about this time next year when, with any luck at all, everyone will be safe again.

Right now, the strategy is to flatten the bell curve to keep hospitals from being overwhelmed. Northern Italy got overwhelmed, true, but we can avoid that because most Americans, many of them, don’t live on top of each other in extended family groups.

Most of the debilitated elderly live in nursing homes. They are in the gravest predicament so we have to do what we can to help them avoid the suffering that comes from getting a flu for which they have no defenses.

FB March 14
I grocery shopped today.

I’m stunned by what I saw and what a clerk told me.




She said I had to return some liquid soap, Tylenol, and Mucinex because they were on a list of two dozen items being rationed; you are permitted to buy three items on the list, she said. 

The store looked like American propaganda photos of Soviet grocery stores from the 1950s.

The pharmacy couldn’t fill some of Bevy Mae’s prescriptions.

The store is going to be closing at 5PM from now on. It shares its database with ********, so apparently, I can’t go there to get what we want either.

FB March 14
Just when I thought nothing about this virus could any longer scare me, **** sent these pics from a book published in 1981 — almost 40 years ago:





EDITOR’S NOTE: Facebook fact checkers eventually judged the pics above to be fake.
Who believes it?

FB March 15



FB March 15
Quora, as far as I can tell, is deleting and collapsing any content that is critical of the president and his handling of the Corona virus. Opposition to Trump is being squelched by somebody. I don’t know who or why.

This is the kind of stuff that Putin did in Russia to solidify his lifetime grip on power.

Seeing empty shelves and blaming it on Obama is not a response that will save the country. I am asking every confederate hillbilly in America to rethink what they believe is right and true and make some changes.

Donald Trump is not your friend.

If the president lets us vote this fall, do your children a favor and vote him out. Pray his allies don’t flip your ballots.

FB March 15
For me Russell Brand is a genius with an interesting point of view.



FB March 15
Quora accepted my appeals about suppressed content on Quora concerning Trump’s handling of the virus situation. In the meantime, I lost a few thousand views; that part is demoralizing. Despite their process to suppress and ask questions later, I’ve won every appeal so far. My metrics are improving lately despite efforts by bots ands trolls to undermine my content.

FB March 15
8% of those who are over the Corona virus are dead. Two days ago it was 7%. The day this number starts dropping will be a better day.

FB March 15
As everyone knows who has been paying attention, the president has been rescinding Obama era protections to our financial system. He has gutted many government agencies.

Some shocks are going to occur in the coming weeks that may unsettle some people. We need to prepare ourselves to be shocked, so that we don’t come undone emotionally and start making mistakes that come from hysteria.

Starting Monday, we are going to see stock market exchanges close, some for extended periods. In the next few weeks, certain banks will either close or change their policies on withdrawals and bill paying services.

If the money that the president is pouring into weak companies proves ineffective, massive layoffs are inevitable. Worker hours are already being drastically cut. Store hours have already been reduced in many places.

If the United States goes into default, the financial system will have to be rebuilt. This is what happened in Communist Russia. Basically, intelligence services took control and the country turned to an oligarchy system that has persisted to the present time.

People are buying everything off store shelves right now because they don’t believe their money will be any good in coming days. If the money is no good, people can’t buy anything, even if they have millions tucked under a mattress somewhere.

When North Vietnam marched into Saigon, they changed the monetary system 3 times during the first year to wipe out any wealth accumulated by anyone who might oppose them.

The USA is already an oligarchy system, so at least that much won’t change. However, the people who seize political power during this emergency will be unable to be removed.

How to behave when freedom is lost? Keep your head down and don’t make waves. We lost our chance at freedom in 2016. What’s happening today is a natural result that any idiot could have predicted. In fact, many did.

A best-selling book was published a few years ago called “Everything Trump Touches Dies.” This book wasn’t a joke, because the country was already dead. The people who live in America haven’t understood yet what a dead country looks like.

Many people will remain optimistic during this unpleasant transition up to the very moment they lose everything. Others will acquire wealth and power beyond anything they thought possible before the world changed.

The chances that anyone in your circle of friends will know any of these lucky people are slim to none.

Pray that I’m wrong.

FB March 17
The latest count shows that the death rate for everyone who is over the disease is 9%. This is a 12% increase over the last few days when it was hovering around 8%.

FB March 18
As of the moment of this post, the death rate for people who are over the Corona virus stands at 9.5%—up from 9% yesterday.  8919 dead; 84,348 recovered.

Worse, recovered doesn’t mean symptom free. Don’t make me explain it.

FB March 18
The administration is putting into place a giveaway of 1,500 billion dollars to the 0.1 %; nothing to the 5%; and 1.5 billion to the 95%.

The wealthy hope that the $1,000 they pass out to every peasant will prevent a breakdown until they can escape to safe havens with their caravans of looted wealth.

We are watching Trump destroy America in real time to benefit his allies.

Everything he does is to soften up the United State for a follow-on military attack by an alliance that hopes to bury us.

Pray that I’m wrong.

FB March 18
Fill in the blanks:

We as a family can get through this crisis as long as we don’t lose our_________. I can get through this crisis as long as I don’t lose ________.

What did you write down? Take a look, because that’s what you are going to lose.

Everyone. Prepare to lose everything—including your country and even your faith in an Almighty God if that were possible.

God is just. This fact alone should scare every American. We are going to experience the same mercy we showed to others who challenged us.

FB March 19
The New York Times is reporting that a 7 member family in New Jersey is now a family of 4 thanks to Covid-19. They didn’t tell the mother that two of her children died before she did.

FB March 19
The world-wide death rate for people who are over Corona virus has risen to 10.3%. Yesterday, it was 9.5%. So, we’re moving in the wrong direction. This increase will continue for a while so hang on.


Worldometer worldwide stats 19 March 2020

FB March 20
During the past 13 hours the Corona Virus death rate for people who are over the virus remains steady. If it stays steady or goes down over the next 11 hours, it will be good news — 24 hours at no change could perhaps be an indicator of a turning point in our favor. Will let people know tonight when I do the next calculation.

If this virus was human-made in a bio-warfare lab of some kind, it might have a genetic timer that causes the virus to die after so many generations. It could explain why the president said the virus would go away quickly in what would seem to many to be a miraculous event.

China is not reporting new cases right now. Maybe the president gave up another national security secret in the kind of slip-up he makes from time to time.

We will know soon if this idea has merit or is simply wishful hoping.

One reason this “theory of the case” might have merit is due to its description in the 1991 best seller by Koontz. Koontz must have had a factual basis of some kind to be able to write a passage that describes perfectly the timing and details of an event that was to occur almost forty years after he wrote it.

Another reason is that a paper was published yesterday in Nature that says the virus could not be human made. The study is suspicious because it came to a decisive conclusion fast; it has the smell, at least to me, of convenient disinformation.

The simplest explanation is that this virus rose from a natural process and is going to give us fits until we get a treatment and a vaccine. Time will eventually tell us which explanations and theories are right and which are wrong.

Whatever the cause, the process of dealing with this virus is turning into a real bummer, isn’t it? The country is united by fear for the first time since 911.

Anyway, the stock market promises to go up today, and we will be hearing good news about all sorts of cures that are on the horizon.

Who knows what the truth is?

The truth is “out there” — somewhere. We’ll know soon enough.

FB March 20
Bad news. The Corona death rate for people who are now over the virus has risen from 10.3% yesterday to 11.1% today. This trend is ominous.

FB March 21
More bad news. The death rate for all people who are officially over the virus has grown to 12%. It was 11.1% yesterday. When I started tracking a week ago it was 7%. New cases worldwide doubled during that 7 day period.

When my number starts going down we will know that the disease has peaked and that we have started down the road to normalcy. Right now we can’t say that.

The death rate (as I’ve constructed it) is a leading “trend indicator”, not the death rate itself, which is lower, hopefully. More people are getting sick than are recovering, which adds more quickly to the pool of potential victims.

When we get a handle on this disease, my ratio (because of how it’s constructed) will be the first to go down. That’s why it’s a useful number. It will tell us first that the situation is improving. So far, we haven’t seen that signal in the data.

Also this ratio is based on world statistics. USA stats are too new to tell us anything useful about mortality trends here. In a month or so that situation will change. In the northern hemisphere the Corona virus should die under the UV light of summer.

Maybe we’ll get lucky.

By end of summer, maybe we will have some effective treatments.

FB March 22
Like all Randy Rainbow videos, his most recent contains a few bad words, the worst being the f-bomb toward the end. If the f word offends you, don’t watch the video. I believe the new video may have some value for some people so I posted it.



FB March 22
The death rate for all people who have recovered from the Corona virus now stands at 13%. It was 11% on Friday.

FB March 22

NO WAY OUT
My latest blogpost.


NO WAY OUT


FB March 22
I posted this tweet on Twitter. Please don’t repost.


FB March 23
This story by Reuters shows that electing monsters who work for the other side has consequences. It’s akin, sometimes, to mass murder.


REUTERS/Thomas Peter – RC2JRE950YUT/File Photo cropped.  Click this link to article. 

FB March 23
As of this moment the percentage of people who are over the virus and are dead is 13.9%. This rate is not the death rate, because no one can know what that rate will end up to be, but we can say that when this rate starts to fall it will mark the beginning of the end of this pandemic. It is a turning point that will show first in this ratio I’m tracking.

FB March 24
The percentage of people who have fully recovered from the Corona virus and died from it now stands at 14.6%. It was 13.9% yesterday. The doo-doo is getting deeper, but more slowly perhaps. We’ll have to see what happens in the next few days.

FB March 25
The worldwide percentage of people who are over the Coronavirus by dying from it has risen to 15.4%. It was 14.6% yesterday.

FB March 26
The worldwide percentage of people who have recovered by dying is now 16.1%.

The number of recovered inside the USA is minuscule at this stage of the pandemic, so stats related to USA continue to be meaningless. When or if the number of recovered reaches a high number, I’ll start tracking USA stats.

FB March 27
The percentage of people who are over the virus due to dying is now 16.9%. It was 16.1% yesterday. When these increases become decreases, then we will know that we have turned the corner.

FB March 28
The percentage of people who have recovered by dying now stands at 17.7%, which is an increase over yesterday.

FB March 29
The death rate of people who are over the Corona Virus rose to 18.3% today.

FB March 30
I learned important things from this video I didn’t know. Please watch. We are going to be living and dying with this new virus for years to come. A vaccine for the general public could be 10 years away.

It is very important to wear a surgical mask and glasses when in public and to maintain strict social distancing. Wash hands frequently.

Don’t bring anything inside your house unless you can place it in a safe room for at least a couple of days to give the virus time to degrade. The death rate for people in their 70s is about 1 in 14.

Young people can spread this disease and kill a lot of people without ever knowing it. Because of the shortage of masks, the public is being told to stay inside their homes. Walking into any enclosed public space where people are not wearing masks is like playing Russian Roulette.

In Korea, everyone wears masks in public. For some reason, our leaders didn’t think we would ever need them. Now we need several hundred million, and we need them yesterday.



FB March 30
Important things to do to stay safe:

1- Wear a face mask and glasses in public
2 – Wash face and hands after going outside.
3 – Don’t let anyone into your house who doesn’t live in it.
4 – Isolate anything brought into your home for three days before handling.
5 – Don’t believe anything the president says, especially the things he says that seem like they might be true.



FB March 30
People who are young don’t remember the Vietnam War coverage by media.

Not a day went by for many years that the news didn’t report that we were winning the war for the South Vietnamese. We even signed a peace treaty and declared victory.

Trump’s stupid attempt to take credit for winning an unwinnable war is not new. Worse, he knows it will work. People will elect him again like they did Nixon.

History is a broken record that keeps skipping. Most young people won’t understand the analogy, but I’m using it anyway.

This time the stakes are higher. The country will have to be reorganized after our institutions collapse. It would be nice if progressives could help with the reorganizing, but the oligarchs who are going to do the work are already in place waiting for the right moment.

FB March 30
It seems I goofed when I read the latest stats on the Corona virus. Somehow, the site is functioning normally at this time.

The stat for today is 18.6%. Yesterday is was 18.3%. This increase is the smallest since I started reporting it on March 13 when it was 7%.

FB March 31
Looking at stats from only the USA, 36.6% of those who are over the virus are dead. Today is my first day tracking the USA because we haven’t had enough cases to make a meaningful statistic until now.

It’s important to understand that the percentage isn’t important, but the trend up or down is very important. Starting tomorrow I will be providing daily stats so folks can track the trend with me. What we want to see is this number track down to 20% to match the world-line and then drop like a stone over the summer months.

If that doesn’t happen our country will get messed-up.

We might want to consider asking Cuba to send doctors and nurses to New York City, Detroit, Los Angeles, and New Orleans to give our exhausted first responders some relief. Cubans have the best equipment and the most experience when it comes to helping other countries with medical catastrophes. Medical help is what they do.

We could use the help right now according to reports I’m seeing on-line and on television by people on the front lines.

FB April 1
I watched again part of the president’s news conference from Tuesday. I felt deeply sorry for him. It’s been obvious to me for a long time that he desperately wants to be both liked and loved.

But then I thought: that was me for most of my life. The president has ruined almost everything he’s ever touched including himself.

After he’s gone from office, he will need people to nurture him to health. A man who loses his power can sometimes find himself abandoned.

It’s easier for most folks to love people who say they are sorry and truly mean it. Does anyone know if he’s capable of apologies? He seemed to understand at least for today that he is managing a crisis that he can’t put right without divine intervention.

I would like to think that maybe the president is praying for a miracle.

Who knows?

I hope for his sake and ours that the miracle is forthcoming. He has a friend who is in a coma right now from this virus. Trump must be feeling something akin to empathy even if he isn’t necessarily built for it.

NOTE FROM THE EDITORIAL BOARD:  Trump friend and real estate developer Stanley Chera died April 11 in Manhattan after a month long battle with Coronavirus. 

FB April 1
Today in the USA, 34.8% of all who have had the disease (but no longer do) are dead. This is down from yesterday. We should expect the rate to drop to 20% as more people recover and our stats fall in line with world stats.

80% of those who go on respirators die.

Wear face masks when shopping and don’t let visitors walk inside your house.

FB April 1
The world-wide death rate for people who once had the virus but no longer do is now 19.4%. 2 days ago it was 18.3%. The trend line continues to indicate that the virus is not yet contained.

FB April 2
A MESSAGE OF HOPE:

I heard Dr. Robert Gallo of HIV fame say on Brian William’s 11th Hour that a CDC virologist has come up with a non-specific vaccine that might be a game changer on this Corona virus.

If he turns out to be right, press-releases will start to happen within a few weeks, possibly.


Dr. Robert Gallo, MD, virologist.

FB April 2
TODAY’S STATS — CLOSED CASES ONLY

Worldwide closed cases: 20.0% dead; 80.0% fully recovered.
USA closed cases: 35.9% dead; 64.1% fully recovered.

FB April 3
TODAY’S CORONA STATS:

Worldwide: 20.5% of recovered are dead.
USA: 36.8% of recovered are dead.
Michigan: 479 deaths; no info on live recoveries.

These stats are up from yesterday, so the situation remains out of control.

FB April 4
Over 2/3 of the cases of USA Covid are in 8 states: New York, New Jersey, Michigan, California, Louisiana, Florida, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania.

Only Spain and Italy have more deaths than the USA. The percentage of people who die is running 10 to 20 times higher than initial estimates by the Trump administration.

The bad news is that for most of America, the disease is just getting started.

The good news is that summer is coming. With some viruses in the past, time of season plays a role in dampening the spread.

The bad news is that we have no evidence about seasonal variation with this virus.

In the absence of data the best course is to:

1 – Stay home to stay alive.
2 – Stay home to avoid harming other people.
3 – People who must go out should wear face-covering to block themselves from spreading droplets filled with virus to others.

Masks offer the wearer almost no protection from contamination by others. Viruses are unbelievably small. The openings in masks are like little open windows to flies.

A bucket of water with dead flies cannot squeeze through little windows. The flies themselves have no problem.

Exhaled droplets containing virus can be blocked for the most part. Once the droplets travel beyond the mask the droplets dry up and the bare virus can for a short time infect others—even those who are wearing masks.

4- Those who contract the virus will be able to spread it for several days at minimum before they have symptoms.

One thing in our favor: This virus, like all viruses, is already dead. Viruses are machines, not life forms. They work like a poison with a half-life of minutes to hours when not inside a living body. Potency falls to zero in minutes to days depending on what is going on around it and where it rests. 

After grocery shopping, don’t touch the groceries for 3 hours before putting them away. Perishables put in the fridge right away, because bacteria growth can be even more dangerous; the viruses will become ineffective after a few days.

You cannot contract any corona virus through your skin. It comes in through eyes, nose, and mouth. Virus on your hands is harmless until you touch your face, basically. Wash hands after every exposure to avoid contaminating the openings on your face.

The virus does not enter through ears, so don’t worry about those orifices. However, it is unwise to let anyone whisper in your ears, because you might touch your ears and spread the virus to your face.

FB April 4
TODAY’S CORONA STATS:

Worldwide: 20.8% of recovered are dead.
USA: 36.4% of recovered are dead.
Michigan: 540 deaths; no useful info on live recoveries.

These stats show the situation remains out of control.

FB April 5
TODAY’S CORONA STATS:

Worldwide: 21.0% of recovered are dead.
USA: 35.7% of recovered are dead.
Michigan: 617 deaths; no useful info on live recoveries.

These stats show the situation remains out of control. We won’t be at world rates until the USA rate drops to 20%.

Spain and Italy continue to lead the world in absolute numbers of deaths.

Pray that seasonal warming doesn’t increase lethality rates.

FB April 6
People who are putting money into the stock market right now are delusional.

Don’t do it.

The four hardest hit countries are Spain, Italy France, and the USA. These countries probably have the most reliable statistics.

Here’s what you need to know:

1/3 of the people who have fully recovered in those four countries are dead.

FB April 6
TODAY’S UPDATED CORONA STATS:

Worldwide: 21.1% of recovered are dead.
USA: 35.6% of recovered are dead.
Michigan: 727 total deaths; no useful info on live recoveries.
New York: 599 deaths today only.

These stats show the situation remains out of control. We won’t be at world rates until the USA rate drops to 20%.

Spain and Italy continue to lead the world in absolute numbers of deaths. It is likely that they will continue to lead in absolute numbers for another 2 weeks or so after which it’s possible, not certain, that the USA might overtake them.

Pray that seasonal warming doesn’t increase lethality rates.

My estimate for total USA deaths by May 1 is 85,000 with a plus or minus range of 40,000. My statistical prediction is a USA death count somewhere between 45K and 125K.

This estimate is based on no unforeseen developments, good or bad.

FB April 7
Today, the president confirmed what I posted yesterday that deaths in the USA will be dramatically lower than the CDC estimates. I swear he reads my stuff on the internet.

FB April 7
TODAY’S UPDATED CORONA STATS:

Worldwide: 21.4% of recovered are dead.
USA: 37.1% of recovered are dead.
Michigan: 845 total deaths; no useful info on live recoveries.
New York: 731 deaths today only.

These increases show that the situation remains out of control.

FB April 8
TODAY’S UPDATED CORONA STATS:

Worldwide: 21.6% of recovered are dead.
USA: 39.5% of recovered are dead.
Michigan: 959 total deaths; no useful info on live recoveries.
New York: 779 deaths today only.

Increases in every statistic show that the situation remains out of control.

The numbers in the USA seem to be similar to the Italian experience where almost 45% of recovered died during the recent peak. As of today in Italy, 40% of recovered have died.

Tomorrow the USA will move past Spain from 3rd to 2nd place in total deaths behind 1st place Italy.

FB April 9
TODAY’S UPDATED CORONA STATS:

Worldwide: 21.2% of recovered are dead.
USA: 39.2% of recovered are dead.
Michigan: 1,076 total deaths; no useful info on live recoveries.
New York: 799 deaths today only.

Statistics show that the situation has most likely stabilized. 3 more days of similar stats will confirm.

Death ranking is Italy, USA, and Spain in that order. Together these 3 countries are reporting 50,000 deaths.

My math continues to support a USA death toll by May 1 of between 45,000 to 125,000. If today marks the end of the surge, USA deaths could number as few as 40,000.

FB April 10
TODAY’S UPDATED CORONA STATS:

Worldwide: 21.4% of recovered are dead.
USA: 40.7% of recovered are dead.
Michigan: 1,281 total deaths; no useful info on live recoveries.
New York: 777 deaths today only.

Statistics are moving in the wrong direction. The situation continues to remain out of control. The USA profile continues to match Italy. Within the next 12 hours the USA will have the most fatalities of any country.

My math continues to support a USA death toll by May 1 of between 45,000 to 125,000. Deaths continue to surge based on today’s stats.
It’s too early to be optimistic.

FB April 10
PAST WEEK COMPARISON:

During the past 7 days worldwide Covid-19 cases have increased by 55%. Worldwide deaths have increased by 74%.

If these numbers don’t come down, in six months everyone on Earth will have had the virus; 2 billion will be dead, which is roughly one out of four people.

Over two years this virus will become a species extinguishing event. Every human on Earth will be dead.

No evidence has been presented that having this virus confers immunity. In fact, the opposite is the case

FB April 11
TODAY’S UPDATED CORONA STATS:

Worldwide: 21.3% of recovered are dead.
USA: 41.0% of recovered are dead.
Michigan: 1,392 total deaths; no useful info on live recoveries.
New York: 783 deaths today only.

Statistics continue to move in the wrong direction. The situation continues to remain out of control. The USA now leads the world in the total number of deaths.

Optimism is not an appropriate attitude at this stage of the pandemic.

FB April 11

Just when we thought it couldn’t get worse…



Covid-19-associated acute necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalopathy… I don’t know what it is; I don’t want to know; it sounds bad, and I can’t deal with this kind of terror right now.


https://youtu.be/2YfHG7Jyp8s


FB April 12
This video might save your life. I highly recommend that everyone watch it.



FB April 13
TODAY’S UPDATED CORONA STATS:

Worldwide: 21.2% of recovered are dead.
USA: 39.4% of recovered are dead.
Michigan: 1,602 total deaths; no useful info on live recoveries.
New York: 671 deaths today only.

Statistics are moving in the right direction. The situation remains out of control, but the outlook is hopeful. USA leads the world in the total number of deaths with 23,555.

A wait and see attitude is the appropriate emotional response.

We should expect a dramatic decrease in daily deaths in the USA during the next 3 weeks if social distancing is effective.

FB April 14
During the past 14 days the number of people worldwide who have contracted the Corona virus has increased by 244%. If this rate continues, 5 million people could have the virus by May 1.

By June 1, 30 million people could be infected.

By July 4, over 100 million people might be infected worldwide.

By August 1, the number could be as high as 600 million.

On Sept 1, over one billion people could be infected.

The number of people with brain and lung damage could be in the hundreds-of-millions. 30 million could be dead.

By Christmas—well… you don’t want to know.

Everyone expects miracles to change the course of this pandemic. Maybe miracles are forthcoming. In the meantime social distancing and soap are the only things that are stopping a species-extinguishing catastrophe from ending human civilization over the next few years.

This virus is real.

Minus immunity and vaccine, we can’t win.

FB April 14
Trump is the only one who can save us. Let that sink in, because it’s true.

FB April 14
I’m no longer going to provide daily reports on the virus, because the pandemic forest fire is burning out of control and we don’t have enough fire fighters.

If it starts raining or some other miracle reverses this catastrophe, I’ll let folks know when the reversal starts. Consider that no news from me is bad news.

FB April 15
If everyone who has Corona Virus right now is somehow able to survive—if no one else dies—the death rate for this virus will stand at 6.3%. People who tell you that the fatality rate is 1% are lying or ignorant or both.

Of course, more people will die. When I study the stats, the worldwide fatality rate looks like it will stabilize somewhere between 8 and 15 percent.

About 1/3 of the survivors are reporting various degrees of damage to their brains and/or lungs.

People who want to “open up the country” to this level of suffering are going to reap a whirlwind on themselves, their families, and their friends.

Stay home and use soap. Pray for vaccine.

If it turns out that recovered people don’t develop immunity; if it turns out that summer weather doesn’t tamp down the virus then by fall humans will find themselves trapped in a nightmare with no immediate way out.

The USA has a higher percentage of survivors than almost anywhere on Earth. If we don’t overwhelm our healthcare system, we can keep it that way.

Until we have herd immunity or vaccine, our lives are not going to return to what they once were. We are going to live in a virtual world where we interact with each other through apps like Zoom.

Somehow, we will make the best of it. We will find a way to love each other and have fun.

FB April 15
2,443 people died from Corona virus in the USA today. If deaths don’t increase, in 2021 on April 15 the USA will have 922,000 dead people. Millions more will suffer permanent lung and brain damage.

The people tying up traffic in their cars around the State Capitol need to go home and shower with soap.

After we get a treatment or a vaccine or herd immunity we can argue about freedom.

If we do what these protestors seem to want, millions will die.

FB April 15
Sonny Perdue, the Agricultural Secretary, just said on national TV that disruptions in the food supply and empty grocery shelves are the result of people not eating in restaurants and buying their food instead in grocery stores.

The packaging of food to restaurants is different than to the individual consumer, he said. Once the packaging issues get resolved, food scarcity will end.

Buy non-perishable foods and stock them now.

FB April 16
According to NHK World News (Japanese station) the USA CDC reported that more than 9,000 US health care workers are infected with the Corona Virus as of April 9.

It makes the action by some of the demonstrators near the hospital even more despicable, if that were possible.



FB April 17
50 days ago, total worldwide virus cases were 82,794;
deaths, 2,817;
recovered, 33,370.

Today total cases are 2,183,581;
deaths are 146,855;
recovered are 552,735.

50 days from now is June 5. If rates accelerate, God forbid, we will have nearly 60 million cases and 8 million deaths.

50 days later is July 25. If rates continue to accelerate we will have 1.5 billion cases and 416 million deaths.

48 days later is 911. By September 11, 2020 everyone in the world will have been infected and died.

End of story.

We can’t just flatten the curve and expect to survive. We have to crush it out of existence. People do not seem to be able to face the reality that an accelerating pandemic means that humanity is facing a species extinction event.

We are on the Titanic. The problem is we have no lifeboats.

We have social distancing, yes, but all it does is stop the acceleration of the pandemic. The velocity is likely to continue. Over a decade or so of constant velocity without acceleration, everything we cherish about civilization might be lost. 

Magical thinkers need to get real, get onboard, and hunker down.

We need a miracle.

FB April 18
Non-Covid admissions to hospitals have plummeted. Since people stopped eating fast food, the overall good health of Americans has skyrocketed off the charts.

It’s a miracle.

FB April 18
36.4% of USA patients who are over this virus are dead. The pandemic continues to spread predictably, which means the pandemic is out of control both in the USA and worldwide.

Pray that summer knocks down transmission rates as it does with most viruses. I remember polio before vaccines. It got worse during summers and struck children with crippling side effects.

The next 50 days will teach us better what we are actually dealing with and help everyone think more realistically about risks.

My intention is to give Saturday evening (weekly) updates and assessments until this catastrophe ends one way or the other. Daily updates are too much work.

FB April 19
A number of people are becoming concerned about civil liberties as governments like South Korea try to track infected individuals through phones, primarily.

Our phones are ankle-bracelets that enable authorities to know whether we are sheltering in place as compelled by directives.

If we survive this pandemic it will be after several waves of shelter-in-place and years of social distancing—unless we develop immunities and vaccines, which at the moment seem out of reach.

This video is for people who are worried about what comes after.  



FB April 20
The 7 states with the highest % of infected folks in order of severity are:

New York
New Jersey
Massachusetts
Louisiana
Connecticut
Rhode Island
Washington DC

DC is technically not a state, but it’s important because it is the seat of the federal government.

FB April 20
Corona Virus stats are being tracked for 212 countries and territories in the world. As of today, the USA is ranked 42nd in the % of its population tested for Corona Virus.

In order of the biggest testing percentage to least, here are the top 42 places. A lot of rich people, by the way, have citizenship in the top 25

1 – Iceland
Faeroe Islands
Falkland Islands
United Arab Republic
Gibraltar
Malta
Luxembourg
Bahrain
San Marino
Estonia
Isle of Man
Cyprus
Israel
Brunei
15 – Norway
Switzerland
Lithuania
Liechtenstein
Portugal
Italy
Qatar
Andorra
Germany
Austria
25 –Slovenia
Spain
Latvia
Channel Islands
New Zealand
Greenland
Ireland
Hong Kong
Australia
Denmark
35 – Singapore
Czechia
Canada
Russia
Belgium
Aruba
Venezuela
42 – USA
.
.
.
.
212 – Yemen

FB April 21
Trump’s Dr. Birx said today that the United States has one of the lowest death rates in the world.

Out of 212 countries and territories being tracked, the USA has the 14th highest death rate by percentage of population. It has the highest absolute number of deaths by far–no one else comes close. 198 countries and territories have a lower death rate.

35.3% of those in the USA who are over this virus have died.

Trump has his own experts lying to the American public. The countries with the highest rates of death on April 21, 2020 are the following:

1- San Marino
2- Belgium
3- Andorra
4- Spain
5- Italy
6- France
7- UK
8- Saint Maarten
9- Netherlands
10- Sweden
11- Switzerland
12- Ireland
13- Channel Islands
14- USA

FB April 21
The top 10 countries and territories (out of 212 tracked) ranked in order of most new cases of Corona Virus to the least are:

1 – USA
Russia
Turkey
United Kingdom
Spain
Italy
France
Brazil
Canada
10 – India

True on April 21, 2020.

FB April 23
Homeland Security said today that the “half-life” of the Corona Virus is 1.5 minutes under ultra-violet light, which is a component of sunlight.

Moms sending their kids out on a bright day should understand that it takes at least 20 half-lives to take a 300 trillion dose of virus in a typical sneeze down to less than the 10,000-count necessary to infect most exposed people.

This number of half-lives amounts to a half-hour. It’s a long time. So it’s good news that sunlight can disinfect a surface, but surfaces don’t become safe right away. It takes a half-hour in direct sunlight for a single sneeze.

The other piece of good news is that isopropyl alcohol is effective against this virus. You apply it to a surface. 100 minutes later (20 5-minute half-lives later) the surface is probably safe. The time is less than 2 hours, right? You don’t have to wipe it up. The rubbing alcohol evaporates.

Chlorine bleach destroys all biomolecules almost on contact. I would use household bleach except on surfaces that might discolor or degrade (like rubber seals, colored fabrics, and certain plastics). Avoid breathing vapors. They can mess up your lungs worse than the virus.

The other good news is that during summer — during hot humid nights over 10 hours or so long — the outdoors will likely purge itself of viable Corona Virus according to this government lab. That news is good for most people who live in heat and humidity during the summer.

FB April 23
People should remember that viruses aren’t living organisms. They are machines that “rust” under certain conditions; this “rusting” takes time (measured in “half-lives”) to reduce large numbers of viruses to a number unlikely to infect someone.

The number of half-lives determines the amount of time it takes to render a surface probably safe. Multiply half-lives by 20 to get an approximate time and add a safety factor to be safe.

FB April 24
Trump is fun. I’m going to miss him someday. 



FB April 24
Wonderful advice to shut-ins coming from Trump himself: squirt Lysol up your ***. It will make the entire house smell better.

FB April 24
I know someone who will prescribe this important medication for anyone who needs it.



FB April 25
Trump’s screw-ups yesterday tell me he is terrified. It’s no joke.

FB April 25
A week ago, the USA was in 42nd place on % of population tested. Today it is in 41st place.

FB April 25
Apes in Corona studies are developing 100% immunity rates after recovering from the disease. Effective vaccines are already developed to give them lifetime immunities.

Not so for people.

In a few years Earth might become a Planet of the Apes like Hollywood predicted decades ago.

It’s almost impossible to develop vaccines for diseases that people don’t already develop natural immunities for. Hopefully the word “almost” is the operative concept.

If we don’t see natural immunity emerging then my advice is stay home, use soap, and prepare psychologically to lose television, the internet, and good foods over the next 7 months or so.

FB April 26



FB April 27
Frank Schaeffer is the son of the celebrity Christian writer Francis Schaeffer of yesteryear. Here is his recent FB post.



As news spread that Whitmer was likely to extend the lockdown period until May 15, armed protesters gathered outside of her home on Thursday for a ”demonstration” dubbed ‘operation Queen’s castle.’ To have armed thugs try to intimidate a US governor is a Trump’s/America crime. Expect these Trump clone jerks to kill people on election day 2020 to try and shut the polls if it looks like Trump will lose. Frank Schaeffer


FB April 27
I hear a lot of crazy talk on all the networks. Here are the facts:

1- If antigens are not stimulating the production of antibodies that confer robust immunity, it is unlikely that we will ever have a vaccine for this virus.

2- If antigens are stimulating the production of antibodies that confer limited immunity, an effective vaccine could take 10-15 year to come on-line.

3- If human antigens are stimulating the production of antibodies that confer permanent immunity, it might be possible to produce effective vaccines in 2-3 years. In the meantime, people are likely to develop herd immunity. The virus is likely to kill less than 1 in 35 people, which is a death rate that most folks can tolerate for a short period of time. Survivors won’t like it, though.

4- Barring a miracle between now and the election, a million Americans could be getting sick each day. No one believes the virus will become this pervasive, but the numbers say that it could happen.

If everyone who has the disease right now fully recovers and no one else gets sick, the death rate will stand at 7%. A rate of death this high means that if 1 out of 3  Americans get sick enough to be diagnosed, 7 million people are going to die over some period of time. Without immunity or vaccines, the disease will cause a worldwide collapse in populations over a period of time determined by the virus.

Recently people stood outside the Governor’s house with military style automatic weapons. The threat to the Governor is pretty clear. People who are supporting these lunatics will share the blame if the Governor gets hurt.

If you are one of those people, consider yourself a killer. Innocent people who get sick through no fault of their own are going to die if gun-toting lunatics get their way and the state opens too soon.

FB April 27
The USA has less than 5% of the world’s population. It has 33% of the Corona cases.

63% of those who have gotten the disease worldwide are still infected. 19% of those who have recovered have recovered by dying.

7% of everyone who has contracted the virus has died whether or not they recovered or remain actively infected.

Why is the USA so messed up by this virus when other countries are not?

A strong case can be made that the president is working aggressively to disable the folks who are charged with saving the country. He fired the doctor in charge of organizing the search for vaccines. He made the world-renowned Dr. Fauci disappear.

When was the last time anyone saw the Surgeon General or the director of the CDC?

Who knows their names?

Anyone?

Why is the president working against the United States?

A search for clues might begin by reexamining the Mueller report. Read the impeachment transcripts. Observe his relationships with North Korea, China, and Russia. Go to his prison and ask Paul Manafort, the president’s former campaign manager.

I’ve heard some evangelicals tell a lot of stories about why they love Trump. He’s held power for over 3 years. What has he done about abortion and gay marriage? It’s the two issues evangelicals claim to care about.

What have moron evangelicals gotten for their Faustian bargain?

So far, the answer is NOTHING except misery for all on a grand scale.

What does anyone have to lose by closing their eyes and covering their ears?

The answer is, THE COUNTRY.

FB April 28
I hate to be the bearer of distressing news. Most people probably already know this: evidence has emerged that people can transmit the new virus to their pets, both dogs and cats. No evidence yet of reverse transmission.

FB April 29
The top 10 countries and territories (out of 212 tracked) ranked in order of most new cases of Corona Virus to the least are:

1 – USA
Russia
Brazil
United Kingdom
Spain
France
Peru
Turkey
Italy
10 – India

True on April 28, 2020.

FB April 29
The news about Remdesivir is that it might be able to shorten the suffering of infected patients if administered early. It’s an Ebola viral treatment that has undergone trials in several countries where the trials were discontinued for various reasons.

The drug is important, because if it works it will be the first tool available to reduce suffering. Dying from Covid-19 is about the worse way to die there is, right?

It’s like being burned at the stake except that it starts inside the body and the process lasts longer. For those in hospital, they can be sedated.

Shortening stays will reduce stress on hospitals.

Unfortunately, the drug doesn’t address the fundamental problem, which is that this virus is looking more and more like the fabled “zombie” virus that every epidemiologist fears most. There’s never been one in the history of human health, but they are possible in principle.

A zombie virus is a virus that infects 100% of the population because it has a high transmission number and no who carries it develops immunity. Victims continue to infect others and to be “re-infected” until their organs fail.

The following Tedx video was produced in 2018 before anyone had heard about Covid-19.



FB April 29
If you are in a restaurant and a patron 6 feet away expels a large volume of gas, will you lose your appetite? 10 feet?

It’s a question eerily similar to a question you might ask about sitting near someone with virus who sneezes.

FB April 29
Corona cases have surged during the past three days in the United States and the world.

Don’t drink the Kool-Aid. Do whatever you can to isolate your families and stock up. This thing is going to get bad very fast.

Be prepared for bank and currency failures. In a sad way, there is no way to safeguard against these catastrophes when they finally come.

We are going to be tested beyond measure.

Prepare psychologically for the worst possible outcome and pray for miracles.

FB April 30
Today the court’s ruled in favor of Gretchen Whitmer. Here is an excerpt from an article The Hill reported this morning:

A group of five Michigan residents filed a lawsuit against the governor and other state officials claiming that the quarantine measures infringed on their constitutional rights to procedural and substantive due process. They also alleged that the state’s Emergency Management Act was unconstitutional.

The Michigan Court of Claims rejected both allegations, ruling that an injunction against Whitmer’s order would not serve the public interest, “despite the temporary harm to plaintiffs’ constitutional rights.”

“Although the Court is painfully aware of the difficulties of living under the restrictions of these executive orders, those difficulties are temporary, while to those who contract the virus and cannot recover (and to their family members and friends), it is all too permanent,” Court of Claims Judge Christopher M. Murray wrote.

FB April 30
A couple of things about the economy:

The unemployment rate is unnatural — unlike the Great Depression when it was due to an economic collapse.

There is no scarcity of goods or money — unlike during the Great Depression. We have an induced reduction in consumption. Money is everywhere, though I’ve heard reports that people are not yet getting their unemployment and stimulus checks on time.

A situation like the one we’re in is unprecedented. No one knows for sure how it will play out. It could end in catastrophe. On the other hand, it might result only in high inflation, which can be managed under good leadership.

Donald Trump is president, not Franklin Roosevelt.

It looks like the virus is going to be managed by a plethora of anti-viral anti-inflammatory drugs much like AIDS is managed. It means that social distancing and sheltering in place for the vulnerable are going to be the new normal for a couple of years — or until the treatment cocktail of drugs is figured out to eliminate mortality, whichever comes first.

People who require hospitalization are going to have faster better outcomes soon which is good news for those who get really sick and for their caregivers.

In the meantime, should an effective vaccine be released everything will go back to the way it was.

Hopefully we will get that miracle someday sooner rather than later.

FB April 30
A couple of things about Remdesivir:

I read the abstract of the Chinese study, which is being reported on NHK.

The Chinese reported 66% adverse side-effects in patients treated with Remdesivir. 12% had to discontinue treatment due to side-effects.

The course of the disease was shortened in those administered Remdesivir, but mortality did not differ from placebo.

I’ve looked into the company that is pushing Remdesivir. I see some red flags, some serious. Nevertheless, testing is being ramped up. In a month or so, we should have a better analysis.

People who are making claims on television can not know if the improvements in some patients are due to Remdesivir, because the tests are double-blind, which means that no one is supposed to know who is on placebo.

Although the drug might be a good one, skepticism when money and power are at stake is always prudent.

Nevertheless, I’m going to remain skeptically optimistic until evidence emerges that we are being taken for a ride by charlatans. It wouldn’t be the first time.

There’s no harm in hoping that doctors in full uniform are telling the truth when they are obviously making claims to the public that they can only make if the tests are being administered in a way that violates protocols.

FB May 1
The USA just passed the 65,000 mark for Corona deaths. By June 1 the death toll is likely to be 100,000, but only if the number of deaths per day is cut by half.

Based on what I’m seeing, such a drop can happen only if Covid is seasonal — something there is no evidence for at this time.

Without a summertime drop in cases, the death toll could reach 125,000 people by June 1. By July 4, it could be 200,000.

These are numbers that can be suppressed by social distancing and shelter-in-place. Amelioration can also be abetted by concentrating on prison populations and nursing homes.

FB May 1
Today the daily number of new cases of C virus worldwide and in the USA was the second highest of the past two weeks.

FB May 2
A Canadian survivor of Covid-19, including three weeks on a ventilator. He’s a beautiful human being. It’s good that he made it; he survived.



FB May 4
35% of all Corona virus disease in the United States developed during the past two weeks (14 days). 33% of all C disease in the world developed during the same period.

417,828 cases developed in the USA;
1,158,615 developed during same period worldwide.

The average number of new cases per day in the USA during the past two weeks was 29,844; worldwide, it was 82,758.

In the USA new cases averaged 4% lower during the second week than during the first week, which is a downward trend. This trend will accelerate if the virus is seasonal. If the disease is seasonal, it will be a good thing.

As social distancing breaks down or is ended by states, it will be interesting to see how new cases trend. We will see those trends show up in about 4 weeks, because social distancing isn’t going to end abruptly due to fear in the population.

Which will be the stronger trend — more cases due to loss of distancing, or fewer cases due to seasonal decline? We are going to know by the end of summer.

FB May 4
The United States and Great Britain will lead the world in 1st and 2nd place in number of C cases by middle of week.

Seems odd.

Too early to say that C is going to be seasonal, but signals in the data are showing up for anyone who wants to zero in on them to make the argument.

If C turns out to be seasonal, it will be huge for safety, at least during summer. No evidence exists right now one way or the other that anyone can trust.

The immunity question remains to be answered. If the answer turns out to be yes, it will mean that vaccines are possible. With vaccines everything will go back to the way it was more quickly.

Otherwise, the ride is going to be bumpy and long.

FB May 4
Top ten countries in new C Virus cases today…

1- USA
Russia
Brazil
UK
India
Ecuador
Saudi Arabia
Turkey
Peru
10- Mexico

Congratulations everyone!

FB May 5
People who want to better understand the biology of and research into Covid-19 should watch this video by a lung specialist.



FB May 5
The USA and UK now have the highest daily death counts and overall number of deaths. Their leaders are doing exactly what anyone else would do to destroy their countries.

Kudos to both Boris and Donny — Putin’s orange puppets.

Thanks to Americans and Brits for standing by their BMs (boastful morons).

We had a chance to hold on to democracy, but not enough people saw the danger. After we lost our country, not enough people had the courage to take a stand for what is right.

Our billionaires are too afraid to stand up to mobsters with foreign accents. They are cowards. We no longer need them, because they are useless.

We are on our own — reduced to scrounging empty shelves for steak and toilet paper. Pathetic is too weak a word.

FB May 5
Based on the way research is being conducted, it seems clear to me that we will never have a safe vaccine for this virus. It’s possible our leaders also know it.

They would never open the country if they had a cure on the horizon. Why kill people unnecessarily unless they feel they have no alternative?

FB May 5
Top 15 USA states with new C virus cases today:

1- New York
2- California
3- New Jersey
4- Illinois
5- Massachusetts
6- Texas
7- Pennsylvania
8- Virginia
9- Maryland
10- Minnesota
11- Kentucky
12- Florida
13- Indiana
14- North Carolina
15- Ohio

We owe Gretchen Whitmer big time for guiding her state from 3rd to 19th in two weeks. Social distancing and stay-at-home worked for us and saved hundreds of lives.

Put your guns away and breathe safer air. We will worry about tomorrow when it comes.

FB May 5
Safest places to live in the USA as measured by fewest deaths by Corona virus. Safest first.

1- Wyoming
2- Alaska
3- Montana
4- Hawaii
5- South Dakota
6- North Dakota
7- West Virginia
8- Vermont
9- Utah
10- Maine
11- Idaho
12- Arkansas
13- Nebraska
14- New Hampshire
15- Oregon
16- Kansas
17- New Mexico
18- Delaware
19- Iowa
20- Tennessee

Only 1,724 people have died in these 20 safest states. The other 32 states account for 70,547 deaths. So, the gulf between safest and most dangerous is a big one.

FB May 6
An alarming uptick in coronavirus cases worldwide has occurred during the past 4 days. Same in the USA.

Quora has threatened to remove me from its site if my answers aren’t more respectful to the president. I’m not lying.

Their “be kind and respectful” policy applies to everyone, including the president. Criticizing the president in a derisive, non-deferential manner can get you banned.

Anyone who thinks they have free speech in America isn’t blogging and posting “controversial” opinions on social media.

A space administrator upvoted my content and then apologized to me personally for removing my content from his space, because it was too political. The content was my criticism of Trump’s handling of the coronavirus pandemic.

Anyone who doesn’t believe censorship is real might want to ask a controversial person if they feel able to write freely about what’s on their mind.

I have to self-censor because if too many Trumperlogytes flag my answers, I get put on a list and my status is literally threatened by a note sent to me by a nameless person I will never meet.

FB May 6
Now we have another warning sign of Covid infection: COVID TOES. Look it up. Ask for images. Someone said they knew about this disorder two weeks ago. Who can be up-to-speed on everything all the time? Not me. 



FB May 7
Here’s the top ten list by country for percentage of population that has gotten infected since this pandemic began:

1- Belgium
2- Spain
3- Italy
4- UK
5- France
6- Netherlands
7- Sweden
8- Ireland
9- USA
10- Switzerland

Ninth place isn’t bad. We are doing good compared to Belgium where NATO headquarters is located.

FB May 7
Every day, people should learn at least one new Coronavirus word or term to maintain their ability to talk about Coronavirus intelligently. Today, I want to get everyone started with 4 terms:

1- “BIO-SLIME”
2- FECES
3- DRAINAGE OVERFLOW
4- SAFE DRINKING WATER

C virus thrives in bio-slime. Bio-slime thrives in drainage overflow that can sometimes contaminate ground water. C virus can remain viable in feces for 47 days. Vapor distilled water with added electrolytes might be safe to drink. Check this to be sure.

As I post this message, the term “acquired immunity” is not a “thing”. There is NO evidence that getting Covid-19 protects anyone from another infection or spreading it to others.

Lack of cases in places like Wuhan seem to be the result of lockdowns. No one knows anything for sure except that the virus is super weird.

FB May 7
Two home remedies for coronavirus that a few internet doctors have said might diminish symptoms are blood-pressure Ace inhibitors like lisinopril and other blood-pressure medicines in the same class as losartan.

Micro-clots in the lungs might be suppressed with certain blood thinners like Plavix.

Who knows?

I’ve used all three of these drugs. I had the side-effect of debilitating dizziness with Losartan and had to discontinue it.

No one knows for sure, but people grasp at every straw when they don’t have science to guide them. In theory, ace inhibitors and blood thinners seem to be logical choices to fight against the legendary cytokine storms that kill many patients. Blood pressure meds seem to be a sensible pick to prevent strokes and harmful pressure spikes. 

In the end, when people have given up hope for vaccines and acquired immunity, this virus is going to be managed by a plethora of drugs similar to the cocktails of medications that are used to suppress the symptoms of AIDS.

Unless evidence for acquired immunity emerges, humans are likely in for a rough ride.

No one should ever use a medicine that has not been prescribed by a doctor, by the way.  

FB May 7
A lot of politicians are repeating nonsense about C disease to justify opening their states. One is that surgical masks are effective against catching the virus.

Surgical masks are used in hospitals to help prevent the surgeons and other health care workers from contaminating the patient, not the other way around.

Face shields, gloves, and special clothing protect health care workers from catching something from their patients. This specialized PPE is remarkably effective but not available to ordinary people to use during trips to the grocery.

FB May 8
Does anyone remember this best seller from 2015? It did well and helped get our current Knight in Shining Armor elected.



Billy Lee


EDITORS NOTE:
On May 9, the number of dead Americans from Covid-19 broke 80,000. Over 4.1 million people worldwide are infected. 60 days ago, dead Americans numbered 38. Infected Americans numbered 1,267.

60 days later, the number of sickened Americans stands at 1,347,309.

With no vaccines nor evidence of acquired immunity, how high will the numbers climb during the next 175 days before the November election?

Will we get the miracle everyone is hoping for?

Keep praying is what Billy Lee mumbles to himself when he thinks no one is watching.  


From the Editorial Board:  Billy Lee wrote a poem that resonates with how most of us feel about the public’s responsibility during a pandemic that is turning out to be bigger than all of us. We asked his permission to publish, and he agreed. 

THE END 

Who can blame anyone for sleeping
On a day when everyone is weeping?
Dinosaurs flailed in their last hours
Fighting for lives against the powers.
They did not, could not, would not understand
How to shield babies from God’s ruthless plan.

Who can blame anyone for crying
On a day when everyone is dying?
Pompeiians gasped for one last breath
Fighting for lives against hot death.
They did not, could not, would not understand
How to shield babies from God’s ruthless plan.

Who can blame anyone for playing
On a day when everyone is praying?
Teenagers dancing on sun bleached sand
Betting our lives to enjoy what they can.
They did not, could not, will never understand
How to shield babies from God’s ruthless plan.

Billy Lee


Added 4 July 2020:  Evidence for immunity against the coronavirus has emerged in infected Chinese monkeys. China announced a vaccine on June 25 and is inoculating members of their military. 


Added 10 July 2021:  Effective vaccines are now available in the United States. Evidence for immunity against the coronavirus has emerged in people who have recovered.

As of today, 35 million Americans have been infected. 623 thousand are dead.  Nearly 5 million Americans are currently sick. Covid-19 has killed one out of 534 citizens.

Found first in India, the Delta variant (B.1.617.2) is now the predominant strain of coronavirus in the USA. Pfizer is reporting that their vaccine is less effective against the Delta variant. General protection from the Pfizer vaccine degrades after 6 months, the company says. Booster vaccinations are planned. 

Worldwide, 187 million have been infected; 4 million are dead;  12 million are currently sick. 


Added 19 September 2021:  10 million Americans are currently infected inside the USA (3% of the population). About 2,000 citizens are dying each day. Last week 250,000 children were diagnosed with Covid-19.

My fully-vaccinated son and a few of his fully-vaccinated friends caught Covid three weeks ago and stayed sick for more than a week. One unvaccinated friend was hospitalized and put on oxygen. He recovered. 

Schools are open; people are partying in college towns everywhere.; sports and concerts are back. Effectiveness of shots has waned but this week experts, some of them, recommended boosters only for the immuno-compromised and those over 65.

We’ve come a long way since 11 March 2020 when Americans dead from Covid-19 numbered 38. No one really knows how many worldwide have been infected nor how many died during two years of pandemic. The countries of the world started lying about the numbers and lost track. The truth is most folks no longer seem to care.

No expert I know has stepped forward to tell anyone what the future holds. Few folks trust the experts anyway so I guess it doesn’t matter.

Nevertheless, who thought vaccines, once available, would fail? Who thought new variants would break through natural immunities? 

Feeling helpless before a future that might take everything? No? What might be left a year from now?  A few months from now?

The lonely writhe,
Cry and die…
The deaf and blind,
They dine.
Neither do they whine nor pine
While flags of resistance
 Beat in the distance
Bellowing viral churn
Making Dark Suns burn
and Hell’s knells chime. 


 

NO WAY OUT

I’ve been writing everyday lately, but not on my blog. What can I write when civilization is crumbling all around? 

If I sugar-coat, people will gag. If I go negative and things get better, some will blame me for helping liberals put the country through hell. 

It’s amazing to read what people write on Twitter, Facebook, and Quora during the slow unfolding of a disaster that will soon dwarf 911. 

The majority of people who post seem optimistic and cheerful. Most folks I know who don’t post seem paralyzed by anxiety; some are in various stages of denial.

It reminds me of passages from a book written by a survivor of the disaster at Tenerife airport in Spain’s Canary Islands. I’m talking about the first disaster in 1977, not the second in 1980. 

The book described how it happened that in 1977 a fully loaded passenger jet collided on takeoff with a fully loaded jet that was parked on the airport runway. Almost 600 people perished, but there were survivors. One of the passengers was able to write a book of memories about what it felt like to live through an event of almost unimaginable terror. 

He wrote that he was surprised to see people sitting white-faced as he scrambled toward an exit where he escaped. The folks he left behind burned black in the fire — beyond recognition. Rescuers found charred bodies wrapped in locked belts. Passengers didn’t bother, many of them, to unfasten their straps. 

One problem at Tenerife was the inability of those in the plane on the ground to process the reality of what was occurring all around. Folks on both planes planned to enjoy vacations, most of them, in one of the most beautiful spaces on Earth. Nothing prepared anyone to face a reality that would descend on them from above.

On one of the most exciting days of their lives, vacationers in the jet on the tarmac were struck by another jet they didn’t see coming; they burned alive while parked peacefully in the heart of paradise. 

The survivor self-published his account. He wasn’t networked with the right people. He didn’t have the look and voice of celebrity that media moguls preferred to place onto the public airwaves.

Besides, it must have seemed reasonable to certain players that his story might harm the fortunes of airlines whose well-connected owners were always trying to convince the public that flying was safe. Book sellers suppressed his story by ignoring it.

The survivor, like a traveling salesman, pushed his books in churches. I attended a service where he gave a talk and sold his story. The book mesmerized me with its authenticity and lack of deference to the powerful.

Decades later, I lost my one and only copy during a move.  I can no longer remember the book’s title or the name of its author. 

The survivor’s tale was compelling — I remember that much. He wrote that his life was spared by a miracle performed by God. It’s another reason why he sought churches to tell his story. He said that he was grateful to Jesus for a second chance at life.

He suffered trauma from horror, yes, but he learned somehow to lean on Christ to comfort him; to calm his mind when his body shook during flights he later made to promote his saga of physical and spiritual rescue. 



Today, America has a lunatic in the White House who parked the plane of state on the tarmac of the greatest civilization. His advisors in the control tower warned him repeatedly to move the plane, but he was too preoccupied with his luxury businesses and the internet to listen.

Instead, the president fired his advisors one by one and hired sycophants to reassure him that the plane of state was safe and that he, the president, was the perfect pilot.  

Trump spent his time slandering the little people; he lashed out on Twitter against anyone who challenged him — in the name of Jesus presumably who he claimed to serve. Evangelicals surrounded him like angels to protect him from the demons of liberal-media bias and progressive writers like myself who threatened to undo him with fake news and contemptible stupidity. 

America’s fall was ignited by the hatred of this president for the person who preceded him. The Trump crime-family hated on the Obamas like the evil step-sisters hated on Cinderella in the children’s fairy tale.  

Trump spent three-and-a-half years undoing everything Obama built to protect innocents from financial and health catastrophes exactly like the two that engulfed and destroyed a country — ours — which every American fondly remembers and once loved. 

Trump’s base of fellow-travelers jumped on board his band wagon of hate. They joined forces with evangelicals to form a tidal wave of racism that intended to wipe away the memory of the first “black-Muslim” president from the face of the earth.

Wolves masqueraded as sheep until their growth in sheer numbers  overwhelmed anyone who dared challenge them. Some were white supremacist’s and self-denying racists. Some were descendants of the same people who attacked the USA in 1860 to start the Civil War. All were liars in bed with a man who couldn’t tell the truth. 

Deaths of Americans in all its wars don’t add to the deaths of the unfortunates who ripped each other to shreds during battles started by entitled southern “gentlemen” to defend the right of thugs to own and abuse Negroes — who they believed God created to live lower than their animals. 

Think about it. How evil is America? The president and his legions answer that question everyday. 

His cult shrouds itself in the flag of the United States. Followers carry Bibles in one pocket and kill-sticks in the other. They defend everything the crazy-clown says; they slander, lie, cheat, and steal to make sure he always wins.

Trump is Jefferson Davis incarnate. He leads the new confederacy, which is in alliance with foreign oligarchs; they intend to break everything American.

Why?

Who knows?

When everything is broken, maybe old-man Trump plans to build from the ashes a new country in his own glorious image. 

Who is able to understand why a lunatic does the terrible things they do?

I don’t understand. I can’t make sense out of any of it. 

Is anyone left who still believes this monster ever really intended to “make America great again”? 

Billy Lee


EDITOR’S NOTE: When civilizations collapse, conspiracy histories begin because people want to know why. Sometimes the answers are complicated.

Evangelical seers have insisted for almost one-hundred years that Bible prophets can be trusted to reveal the future. Seers claim to have the gift of discernment to enable them to decode the symbolism and hidden truths that bring financial reward. They write books and sell them for lots of money. Everyone wins, right?

These seers, some of them, describe the Biblical eagle as America; the lion is Israel; the bear is Russia; the leopard is China; the iron-toothed machine is Germany, NATO, Japan, or whatever country is most ominous at the time; and the dragon is of course the devil who brings forth a beast — it’s an alliance of the leopard with the bear — that speaks with the lips of whatever the lion becomes after its eagle’s wings are ripped away. 

Billy Lee argued against including any references to the Bible in his essay because it feeds ignorant people’s delusions about the ‘’end times”, he claimed. 

THE EDITORS overruled Billy Lee because we are scared about what’s coming next. Readers are demanding answers that no one seems to have. Why not look to the prophecies of the ancients who wrote their words of wisdom more than two-thousand years ago? 

Here are two of the most famous:


FROM THE BOOK OF DANIEL, CHAPTER 7

The first was like a lion, and it had the wings of an eagle. I watched until its wings were torn off and it was lifted from the ground so that it stood on two feet like a human being, and the mind of a human was given to it.

And there before me was a second beast, which looked like a bear. It was raised up on one of its sides, and it had three ribs in its mouth between its teeth. It was told, ‘Get up and eat your fill of flesh!’

After that, I looked, and there before me was another beast, one that looked like a leopard. And on its back it had four wings like those of a bird. This beast had four heads, and it was given authority to rule.

After that, in my vision at night I looked, and there before me was a fourth beast — terrifying and frightening and very powerful. It had large iron teeth; it crushed and devoured its victims and trampled underfoot whatever was left. It was different from all the former beasts, and it had ten horns.

While I was thinking about the horns, there before me was another horn, a little one, which came up among them; and three of the first horns were uprooted before it.

This horn had eyes like the eyes of a human being and a mouth that spoke boastfully.


FROM THE BOOK OF REVELATION, CHAPTER 13

The dragon stood on the shore of the sea. And I saw a beast coming out of the sea. It had ten horns and seven heads, with ten crowns on its horns, and on each head a blasphemous name.

The beast I saw resembled a leopard, but had feet like those of a bear and a mouth like that of a lion. The dragon gave the beast his power and his throne and great authority.


EDITORS NOTE:  Many Trump-adoring evangelicals believe that the ”horns” in the passages above are better translated ”trumpets”. Trump-ets, get it?

NO CODE

EDITORS NOTE: (November 16, 2017) The New York Times writes that a consensus is developing among scientists that deploying gene drives is too risky for field trials.


There is no genetic code. Not really. Not in the way most people think. Seasoned, sensible geneticists know it’s true.  

Unfortunately, a few immature biologists don’t believe it. They are developing “gene drive” technologies that they hope will enable them to reliably and permanently alter a fragment of “the code” in any life-form that reproduces sexually —  to guarantee that the altered piece of “code” will be transmitted to the next generation 100% of the time into perpetuity.


NOTE TO READERS:  November 22, 2019: This essay is the longest on the website. To help readers navigate, The Editors asked Billy Lee to add links to important subtopics.  Don’t forget to click the up arrow on the right side of the page to return to top.

1 —  Gene Drivers
2 —  Genetic Code. What is it?
3 —  Bases
4 —  Animal DNA
5 —  Mitochondria & Bacteria
6 —  DNA analogy
7 —  Genes?
8 —  RNA
9 —  Ribosomes
10 — Nucleic acid 
11 — Scale of DNA
12 — Rosalind Franklin 
13 — Genomic weather
14 — Jurassic Park
15 — Clones
16 — Enzymes
17 — XNA
18 — CRISPR
19 — Non-DNA life
20 — Dark DNA
21 — Junk DNA
22 — Why species?
23 — Acknowledgment 


Deployment of gene-drive technology means that an altered fragment of genetic code can be “injected” into a species, for good or ill, which is permanent and will over a few generations become universal — unable to be suppressed or removed regardless of any natural selection pressures whatsoever — until the end of time.

The changes caused by gene drivers takeover every individual in any species that has been targeted for modification. It takes about 10 generations, give or take. With insects, we’re talking a couple of years; plants, a decade maybe; humans, 300 years or so.

Gene drivers are all about changing an entire species forever and permanently — not just one individual with a genetic disorder, for example, or one generation of plants for another. It’s a higher level of intervention than conventional gene therapies and modifications.

A screw-up can extinguish a species in a relatively short period of time is how I see the danger. Worse, according to the scientists cited by the NYTimes, these genes will migrate into ecological niches, where they will force unintended consequences to the biosphere; worse still, given sufficient time “good” genes are likely to jump species, where they will wreak havoc.


EDITORS NOTE:  On 18 September 2020 the website science-news service phys.org published an article titled Biologists Create New Genetic Systems to Neutralize Gene Drives

According to the article:

The first neutralizing system, called e-CHACR (erasing Constructs Hitchhiking on the Autocatalytic Chain Reaction) is designed to halt the spread of a gene drive by “shooting it with its own gun.” e-CHACRs use the CRISPR enzyme Cas9 carried on a gene drive to copy itself, while simultaneously mutating and inactivating the Cas9 gene.

The system can in principle be placed anywhere in the genome.

The second neutralizing system, called ERACR (Element Reversing the Autocatalytic Chain Reaction), is designed to eliminate the gene drive altogether. ERACRs are designed to be inserted at the site of the gene drive, where they use the Cas9 from the gene drive to attack either side of the Cas9, cutting it out. Once the gene drive is deleted, the ERACR copies itself and replaces the gene-drive.

Both systems have been tested in the lab at a molecular level. The developers have not yet demonstrated that a gene drive screw-up gone wild can be pulled back and eliminated by these systems.

The good news is that scientists are working on the problem. The bad news is that the existence of infant, untested technologies might tempt some to release a gene drive into the wild that will ultimately prove intractable. 


EDITORS NOTE:  On 6 March 2021 the website science-news service phys.org published an article titled New ‘split-drive’ system puts scientists in the (gene) driver seat.  The piece describes new split-gene-drive technology that promises to degrade over several generations to permit engineered genomes to evolve under the rules of natural selection. Such a system, if safely deployed, would help to prevent collapse-of-species and other bad consequences when mistakes are made. 


If anybody doesn’t understand what they just read, they shouldn’t worry. By the end of this essay, they will fully grasp why the scientists pursuing this course might be dangerously eager to unleash genetic pollutants that may kill us all — because their love of science makes it difficult to restrain themselves. 


Virus stands on cell surface. It will soon inject it’s RNA payload into the cell to take control of its genetic machinery.

These smart people (some might be prodigies for all I know) plan to use gene drivers to exterminate vermin and eradicate insect-borne disease, for starters. They plan to make it impossible for agricultural pests to develop resistance to pesticides.

It all sounds great. But so did using the by-products of nuclear bombs as an energy source for our cities. Ask Japan how their state-of-the-art nuclear energy program turned out. Ask about Fukushima.

Read Nuclear Power and Me and 47 TONS to learn more.

Gene-drive technologies are an existential threat to the long-term survival of life on Earth —  like those tens-of-thousands of plutonium-loaded thermonuclear missiles, which a number of countries have buried a few hundred feet below the surface of the earth.

The warheads on these missiles are going to rot someday, because no one can take care of them forever, and we can’t get rid of them. Their poisons — the most lethal known; a speck of plutonium dust can kill any human who ingests it — will leach into the soils; over thousands of years percolating plutonium will kill everything.

Genes — bad ones (or very good ones that turn out bad; oops!) — genes that can never die; genes that can’t be suppressed by natural selection; genes that are always passed on to the next generation under every conceivable scenario and every possible pairing of mates (no matter how mismatched) present potential nightmare scenarios for any species that possess them. Errant gene drivers can extinguish some species in a matter of a few years.

It is distressing to think that smart, young adults — I can imagine some younger than 35 who possibly lack basic common-sense — does it matter how smart they are? — might right now be playing around with molecules of DNA they can’t possibly understand fully, because the molecules have a quantum side to their nature that can make their behavior unpredictable; even unknowable.

Young adults are messing around with very complicated structures and processes inside both molecules and cells that they can’t see, even with the best microscopes and the most sophisticated instruments. It’s possible that they might — even with the best intentions; the best lab protocols — screw things up big-time and possibly forever. We need maximum oversight over these researchers and the labs who employ them, now — not tomorrow or next year.

Click on this link to an essay in the science journal Nature, which addresses the issue of gene-driver risk and its management. It is written by someone who seems, at least to my mind, to suggest remedies that are insufficiently robust.

Every biologist knows that “genes” have a mysterious way of migrating between species, crossing boundaries, and behaving unpredictably. They have a way of escaping confinement structures. If folks don’t understand why, what are they doing playing around and calling it research?

Editors Note (May 27, 2017):  Here is a link to a May 17, 2017 article in Science News about the role of jumping genes in the expression of genomes, which may be of interest to some readers.

People have claimed for years that recombinant DNA pathogens, retro-viruses and yes, AIDS, escaped from rogue laboratories. Does anyone know for sure? If they do, they aren’t saying.

Anyway, I urge readers to relax for now in the knowledge that they are about to learn some amazing things. I did, writing this essay. And please remember: I am a pontificator, not a scientist.

Links are provided to verify anything written in the essays that people may question. My pledge to readers is, as always, to be as accurate as possible and to correct mistakes should I discover them or find myself corrected by others.

Yes, I can be smart and write good too. Well, I’m trying anyway. Getting it right is important. It’s my highest priority. But sometimes I screw up — usually on some arcane technical detail in an essay about science.

Sometimes the science changes and new facts emerge. When I first published this essay in May 2016 everyone thought the galaxies in the universe numbered 200 billion. As I add this note in May 2018, analysis of the latest pics from telescopes in space suggests that the number of galaxies is closer to two-trillion. 

My pledge is to keep my essays up-to-date and to learn enough to fix screw-ups that might be caused by simple ignorance. Readers can help fix errors by sending corrections in comments. Errors in the text will be fixed immediately.

So far, we’ve been lucky. The number of errors identified is amazingly few. In one doozy, I published the picture of a well-known British actress (well-known in Britain) and said it was Rosalind Franklin, the X-ray crystallographer famous for making the images that hinted at the spiral staircase structure of DNA.

Celebrities in Europe (that is, in England) were kind enough to take the time to inform me how wrong I was. I appreciated the feedback and was grateful they didn’t kill me.

I’m joking. The Brits are the kindest and best-behaved people on Earth. I’ve spent enough time in London to know.


The genetic code that everyone talks about lives inside tiny spaces; one way to think about it is to imagine that it lives inside little rooms packed to the ceiling with sacks — bitty-bags stuffed full of strung-together bases — hiding in the center of every cell of every plant and animal (or disbursed throughout the cell in the case of most one-celled microbes). 

It isn’t a code at all. It’s a reservoir; an inventory; a collection of templates — most broken into pieces; separated and scattered among the dozens of spiral tentacles in the vast aperiodic-crystal known as DNA.

DNA isn’t exactly a crystal either; not really. Crystals are structures made from regular (periodic) arrangements of molecules. DNA, on the other hand, is a molecule, and it is constructed from strings of chemical bases. It’s found in bundles alongside other DNA molecules. These bundles are called chromosomes.

During part of a cell’s life cycle these DNA strings can sometimes be found tightly wound around little pieces of protein like fishing lines around spinning-reels. It’s a configuration that makes them compact; less intrusive — but easier to see under a microscope when they have been stained.

Inside any particular cell each chromosome of DNA is in some ways a little like a snowflake; within a single cell, no two chromosomes are the same; no two are alike, not even close. But every cell in the body contains the same group of chromosomes; the chromosomes in each body-cell are identical to the chromosomes in every other body-cell, right? It’s not hard to understand.

Bases, by the way, (in case someone might be wondering) are chemical substances that turn into salts when acids are poured over them. Many bases exist in nature, but only four (nucleobases) are found in DNA.

These four bases are essentially one or two rings of nitrogen and carbon atoms with ammonia and vinegar-like side chains attached. Here are links for anyone who wants to look them up: adenine – thymine ; and cytosine – guanine.

A fifth base, uracil substitutes for thymine in RNA, which is a vast assortment of short, single-stranded, DNA-like segments — the cell’s worker-ants who enable cells to perform their many functions. RNA builds genes, moves stuff around, and dramatically speeds up cell chemistry by catalyzing thousands of processes.

Not to digress, but NASA found uracil on the surface of Saturn’s moon Titan in 2012 during a fly-by. It’s something to wonder about.

Caffeine is molecularly similar to the bases adenine and guanine. Bases taste bitter — like the caffeine in coffeeAcids, on the other hand, taste sour — like vinegar.  Combine bases and acids (bitter and sour) chemically to make salts, which are substances that taste like the ocean.


bacteria dna no code
This tangled mess is one-celled life, highly magnified. It is varied, imprecise, and invisible to humans. It takes about ten of these microbes (which are about the size of human red-blood cells) to span the width of a human hair; 30 to circumnavigate it. DNA is far smaller. It requires 8,000 tightly wound DNA bundles to span a human hair; 800 to span the length of one of these microbes. 

Forgive me for starting simple. Life-sciences are the most complicated sciences of all.

What adds to the difficulty is that in most animals (and all people) the DNA involved in sexual reproduction is configured differently than the DNA in body-cells. It exhibits behaviors a little less like those found in other cells. 

In this essay we are talking about animal DNA, usually human, in body-cells — somatic cells; and we are talking about protein production.

A single DNA group inside certain human body-cells like liver cells and stem cells (while they undergo the process of replicating and dividing) is composed of ninety-two large molecules called DNA strands, which together warehouse the six billion base-pairs that will populate the genomes of two daughter cells. 

During the short-lived interval when cells divide and replicate, dozens of molecules and billions of bases gather themselves into the configuration of chromosome-pairs peculiar to people, which some of us learned about in high school biology. 

Most of the time (90% of it anyway) DNA doesn’t divide and multiply; it doesn’t organize itself into easy to recognize chromosomes; in all body-cells except stem cells and liver cells, DNA is the starting material for the making of proteins instead.

Making proteins is the only thing most body-cells do; it starts in the DNA molecules and is the subject of this essay. Cell division and replication is what stem cells do. Links will lead to those subjects for any who might want to learn more.

This essay is not about stem cells, which develop into any and every kind of somatic (body) cell and germ (reproductive) cell.  As a pontificator who is not an expert on stem cells, my understanding is that — except for liver cells — somatic cells in mature adults don’t generally divide and reproduce themselves. That function is performed by stem cells, which start at conception and continue through life to replenish the human body.

Stem cells live inside the tissues of adults like seasonings inside cooked beef, is how I imagine it. Check me on this one, experts. Correct me in the comments section. All others read this link on cell differentiation first.

The main point is that human body-cells house 46 chromosomes (called chromatids when they are organized into 23 connected pairs), which contain six billion base-pairs. Reproductive (germination or germ) cells contain 23 unpaired chromosomes that store three billion base-pairs.

Confusing terminology constructed from the Greek language can create stumbling blocks for non-scientists, so I’m reluctant to go there. Terms like diploid, haploid, gamete, and zygote folks can look up and explore on their own. There’s enough that’s fascinating in English. Only tiny, digestible Greek lessons — sparsely sprinkled — will appear in this essay.

Besides unfamiliar vocabulary, another hard concept to grasp is this: inside every animal cell (and plant cell) are hundreds of DNA packed bundles (called mitochondria), where the DNA is not like the DNA in sex-cells or in body-cells either. The DNA in mitochondria matches what one might expect to find in another as yet undiscovered species of bacteria. It’s “coded” differently.

Yes, it’s weird, but there are explanations. 

Most scientists today believe that a long time ago cells engulfed bacteria; these foreign migrants from another world (in terms of scale) were simply unable to escape.

Bacteria are small. A thimble-full of dirt can contain 50,000 species. It is amazing to learn that millions of species of bacteria exist in the soils and on the surfaces of plants on the earth.

Thirty-percent of cells in the human body are bacteria. They don’t weigh much, because they are small. It would require as many as 10,000 individuals of some strains to match in size just one of the microbes displayed in the illustration a few paragraphs above.

On average, though, a typical cell in an animal or plant can be visualized as having about 4,000 times the volume of a typical bacterium. The range of volume ratios varies widely, of course. Nothing is simple, especially in biology. Enough said.



Scientists named the trapped bacteria-like life-forms inside cells, mitochondria, after the Greek words for threaded granules; these granules make the cells they inhabit more robust, because they act like little batteries, boosting the energy in their adopted homes to help power the many tasks that cells do. Click the video link above for an animation by Harvard University that shows how it works.



Click the link above for an easy-to-understand animation of the overall structure of cells; or this link for a YouTube Video designed to transport viewers through an imaginary, animated world that makes real the complexity of a working, living cell.

And here is a link from Wikipedia, if anyone is confused about the numbers of bases and chromosomes in humans, as many folks seem to be, including myself, sometimes.

It’s confusing, because there are different “codes”, different cell-cycle phases, different collections of DNA molecules in body, germ, and stem cells — and I haven’t even mentioned enzyme catalysis or polymerases (and I’m not going to, either — not just yet anyway — because it will open a big can of worms I don’t want to deal with right now). 

Don’t worry, we’ll get to some of it later after I’ve laid a little scaffolding.

But let me say this: without all this complexity, life forms as complicated as human beings would be impossible — codes or no codes.

The tools most people use to do science, especially physics, generally depend on mathematics and rigid, predictable rules. The life-sciences aren’t like that; not at all.

Should my essay devolve into complexity, readers are free to bail. I’m going to try to keep the mysteries of DNA understandable to non-technical people. Who knows if I’ll succeed or not?

DNA can be thought of as a collection of pouches or bags stuffed with billions of copies of four basic substances, called bases. DNA is like a roomful of holiday bags, each filled to the brim with four different kinds of unfinished toys like the ones in Santa’s workshops before Christmas.

Each of the four kinds of toys are strung together in-line, one after the other — in no discernible order — in long, tangled spirals. These spirals are unimaginably long, and there are many dozens of them.

The toys in the DNA sacks are unfinished, unpainted, and undecorated. They really don’t look much like toys at all. In this analogy, the four bases might be imagined as four simple blocks of wood, each a different shape and size. And like I said, there are billions of these blocks, at least in human cells.

Is DNA a big molecule? Yes, I already said that it was. It’s huge. But good luck to anyone who tries to find one. Good luck to anyone who tries to look at one. No one has ever seen any molecule. No matter how large, molecules are too small to see, even with microscopes; and that includes DNA molecules, the largest and most complex molecules in biology.

It takes a combination of high-energy light, amplification, and computer-generated algorithms to produce useful pictures of what scientists think molecules look like. A computer-generated image is not the same as a brain-generated image stimulated by the act of looking at reflected light with a pair of human eyes.

X-ray crystallography was the technique used first to unravel clues to the structure of DNA. From the data collected by crystallography, Linus Pauling shared in 1951 compelling ideas about what he thought the structure was, but he turned out to be wrong. He got protein structure right, but his description of DNA had subtle errors. A few years later, others came up with a structure that has thus far stood the test of time.

In soma (body) cells, forty-six molecules (strands or bags or sacks) of DNA contain the six billion base-pairs (or blocks) of the human genome. Most of the time these strands are loose and disorganized; a diffuse mass of hard-to-see chromatin. (Their form depends on what part of its period the cell cycle is in.)

It has to be this way for the worker elves of the cell to gain access to the bases (the unfinished toy blocks) upon which they will do their work. Only during the process of cell division do these forty-six molecules bind together and curl-up into the twenty-three chromosome-pairs that some readers may have learned about in high school biology class.


Erwin Schrodinger close up
Nobel Laureate Erwin Schrödinger (1887-1961) whose prophetic lectures became the classic text, What is Life? in 1944.

Researchers have technologies that can amplify what DNA molecules reveal, which they manipulate with computer algorithms to form fuzzy pictures that are helpful to highly trained analysts; but it’s the best they can do, visually.

An early theorist, Erwin Schrödinger, (one of my heroes) said in 1944 — before anyone knew what DNA was — that it must be an aperiodic-crystal. He gave a series of lectures, which later became the famous booklet, What is Life?  It can be purchased for fifteen bucks on Amazon.com.  

Schrödinger’s booklet changed the world — it’s one of the most prophetic works I’ve ever read. The tract changed my world view anyway; my view of life certainly. 

It turns out, Schrödinger was right. DNA bundles store billions of bases in more-or-less random — but frozen — sequences much like crystals.  

Just as molecules arrange themselves inside crystals, the bases inside DNA molecules also have an order, yes, an arrangement for sure, but it’s not a code; it’s not even a cipher; it’s merely a starting point for the most chaotic, complex, and messed-up process in nature — the creation of thinking, speaking, conscious-life (and less capable life) — all formed from a relatively few not-so-simple materials.

Here’s another assertion that might be difficult for some readers to accept. Genes don’t really exist. There are no free-standing genes; certainly not in human DNA, anyway. What scientists call genes must be constructed; they must be built; they must be put together; they must be fabricated, collected, and transported by molecules called RNA and by other processes known collectively as epigenetics. More on epigenetics later. 


RNA polymerase diagram DNA No Code
(Click on this old graphic (from 2004) to get a clearer view.) This illustration is a simplified representation of the chaos going on during arguably one of the simplest of the processes (transcription), which is the starting point for encoding other processes (called translation) that will ultimately lead to the fabrication and folding of proteins. 

Most graphics and videos on the Internet seem to buy into a tidy notion that DNA is a code (not a reservoir and a starting point for the fabrication of templates). This notion seems to demand laser-precision and machine-like twelve-sigma reliability during protein synthesis.

Don’t believe it.

Yes, there is no argument; we can improve our chances for healthier lives by cleaning up less-than-optimal base-sequences — which are, as often as not, scattered, scrambled hodgepodges — using, hopefully, gene therapies like CRISPR. (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)

But until technicians create tools to deal with other processes; until biologists can manipulate RNA itself and learn to change the ”weather” patterns (discussed later) inside cells, physicians will not be able to eliminate many of pathologies that plague our species and lead to diminished health and, for some, death.

RNA in all its forms (and there are many) is itself constructed from scattered templates that are hidden haphazardly like Easter eggs within the billions of bases strewn along the dozens of spirals inside a DNA bundle. RNA first builds itself up by interacting with various sections of base sequences in the DNA and then copies those sequences by borrowing matching freebases, which are floating everywhere in the medium of the cell’s nucleus.

RNA is much shorter in length and less stable than the DNA it models. But it doesn’t mutate as much as folks might expect, because it is also shorter-lived and reproduces less often. It’s more versatile too; more agile, because it is single-stranded; DNA is double-stranded. 

RNA, in all its forms, is the workhorse of cell functions; it is both the building material and the construction machinery used in many important cell structures, which perform the yeoman’s task of protein building inside cells.

It seems plausible to me that over a few hundreds-of-millions of years the possibly self-generated RNA sequences may have acquired — through accident, luck, or trial-and-error — the ability to select, copy, paste, and assemble short sections of random DNA bases, which every-once-in-a-great-while actually worked to help build useful proteins that added survival advantages to their evolving hosts.

Maybe RNA designed and built DNA in the first place, which it learned to copy and manipulate. We may never know exactly how.

One thing scientists agree on: one-celled life was already highly developed, complex, and flourishing by the time the new planet, Earth, reached its first billionth year. Earth is four-and-a-half billion years old. Life came on fast during extreme conditions vastly different than now. This fact is amazing. No one understands how.

It has taken an additional three-and-a-half billion years to get to humans and the space-traveling civilizations that seem to dominate the earth today.

Thinking about RNA and DNA can be a frustrating circular process, much like the chicken or the egg problem; which came first? My sense is that most scientists today believe RNA came first, DNA later. Inside our cells, it is impossible to tell, but there is no denying that RNA’s diversity and flexibility make it a most likely candidate.

Many kinds of RNA live inside cells. Some run around doing nothing. They simply try to survive inside the complicated universe that is the typical living cell in every animal, plant, and microbe. They are called selfish RNA.

Most RNA sequences are much less selfish. They are like Christmas elves who work day and night; some to open Santa’s bags to gain access to their contents; others to copy various sections from the strands of blocks inside; others to move the copied sections to an assembly area, where other elves glue the copied segments together to form new sequences — many of which, by the way, are very different from the original sequences that the RNA elves found inside Santa’s gift bags; inside the DNA. 

Eventually, messenger elves transport the long strands of little blocks they copied and assembled; they move them away from the center of the cell; out to the gooey regions of the cell beyond its center where other transfer elves are busy assembling (by threes) free-floating blocks (called bases, remember) and attaching these triplet-blocks (called anticodons) to single amino acids. The resulting structures are called transfer RNA (or tRNA, for short).



An amino acid is simply a configuration of carbon atoms with amine (ammonia) stuck to one side and carboxylic acid (vinegar) stuck to another — plus some other simple stuff attached here and there to make each amino acid unique among all the others. Think of an amino acid as a colored necklace bead. Out of the five-hundred or so differently colored beads in nature, transfer elves in humans work with only twenty or so.



 

Stay with me now. You just read the most difficult sentence in the essay. These amino acids attach themselves like colorized necklace beads to triplet-blocks (called anticodons) according to which of the three blocks (or bases) the transfer-RNA (tRNA) is made from. Watch the video ”From DNA to protein” above to better understand. 

In the meantime, while all this other stuff is going on, the messenger elves are directing their long strands of copied-and-pasted blocks (bases) away from the cell’s tiny nucleus (center) toward little triplet-body-handling factories (called ribosomes; ribo for triplet, soma for body), which live in the inner goo (the cytoplasm) of the cell.

Many ribosomes are attached to a winding ribbon-like structure called the rough endoplasmic reticulum.  Endo is Greek for inner; plasma is goo; reticulum means network. 

At the same time, transfer elves in the goo (cytoplasm) steer their three-blocks-plus-a-colored-bead assemblies — in humans these “three-base” combos and twenty or so colored beads can be arranged forty-eight ways — into the ribosome factories, where they are matched-up to the blocks (bases) in the long strands that are being delivered from the cell’s nucleus (like cars in a choo-choo train) by the messenger elves.

Inside the ribosome factories, the triplet-blocks-plus-one-colored-bead assemblies, which have been constructed and collected by the transfer elves in the cytoplasm, are paired block for block (that is, base for base) to the long train of blocks that were collected, arranged, and carried by the messenger elves from the cell’s center (its nucleus).

As each transfer assembly triplet is matched-up three bases at a time to the blocks in the long messenger train, the single amino-acid bead that the three-block transfer assembly carries is ejected out of the ribosome factory.

Assembly elves — think of them as molecular forces — secure each ejected amino acid bead to the next bead, one after the other — in the exact order demanded by the order (in threes, called codons when located in the messenger RNA) of the bases (blocks) in the messenger sequence — creating as they go an amino-acid-chain, or necklace.

Once the amino acid chain (necklace) is long enough (and remember: there can be as many as twenty-three different colors of amino-acid beads in each necklace, and each necklace can be almost any length at all — up to hundreds or even tens-of-thousands of beads long) elves (molecular forces that work through the micro-scaffolding of the cell) go to work; they transfer the chains to Golgi structures, where they are bundled and folded into the twisted shapes that make them proteins. Like an Amazon distribution center, the Golgi apparatuses deliver the proteins to their destinations.

Like holiday elves, they deliver protein toys to every child’s bedroom in the cell, which in this analogy lie inside the abyss of the cell’s cytoplasm (cyto means cell; plasm means goo).

Some elves might feel compelled to deliver their proteins down the street to other homes (cells) in other neighborhoods by way of certain processes known as cell migrations.

These migrations can bring healing to injured tissues in other parts of the body, among other benefits. However, as I wrote earlier, stem cells that live inside the tissues of the body do the heavy lifting of cell replacement and healing.

Here is a way to visualize a human cell: think of cytoplasm (the cell goo) as the yolk of an idealized egg. A chicken egg is nothing like a human body-cell, but it makes a good model for explanations.


(Click on pic to enlarge.) This drawing is an idealized view of a typical eukaryotic cell, which in this essay is compared to the yolk of a chicken egg. The egg-white is the thin plasma membrane.

The nucleolus (at the epicenter) is a tiny, hard to find collection of proteins, RNA, and DNA at the very center of the nucleus where ribosomes are fabricated, if anyone wonders.

Ribosomes are made entirely from RNA; they are, in fact, one of the most ancient structures in cells; they are essential players in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic (ancient and modern) cells, which I will discuss in more detail soon.

Chromatin (the usually unorganized mess of DNA) lies in the nuclear goo of the nucleus that surrounds the nucleolus.

Remember that ribosomes are the tiny factories, where proteins get their start. Ribosomes themselves move between the nucleolus and the surrounding nuclear goo until they are ejected out of the pores of the nucleus into the goo of the yolk (which in this analogy is the cytoplasm) where many will float freely in an ocean filled with a dozen or more other structures important to cell functions. Many ribosomes attach themselves to the endoplasmic reticulum.

But we’re not concerned about these other structures right now. Proteins are the most essential substances from which our bodies are made.

Some biologists believe that as many as 50,000 different proteins are required to construct a human being. Others say 100,000. The human body is capable of producing two million. Each cell type on its own is capable of making 5,000.

Ribosomes are very important, because it is inside the ribosomes where proteins get started, so we concentrate on them first. 

Think of the cell’s membrane as the “white” of the egg. It surrounds and protects the vital cytoplasm, where the making of proteins takes place.

Of course, the chicken egg analogy had to break down. A chicken egg is surrounded by an oxygen-permeable calcium carbonate (CaCO3) shell. Forget about the shells of chicken eggs. Human soma-cells aren’t protected in quite the same way.

In a chicken egg the nucleus is a little white mass that sits on top of the yolk and feeds on it. The nucleolus is inside that little white mass. So the breakfast-egg analogy falls apart pretty darn fast. It might be more confusing than helpful. I hope not.

A lot more is going on. And — I have to say this — the cells of most microbes (one-celled life, like bacteria and archaea) don’t look like the sunny-side-up cells of humans or most other animals and plants. For one thing, they are a lot smaller.

Bacteria and archaea can be from 20 to 10,000 times smaller than the eukaryotic cells of animals and plants. They lack membrane-bound organelles; they lack a nucleus. They look more like little sandwich bags of loosely cooked, scrambled eggs. Scientists call them, prokaryotes. (It’s Greek, meaning before they became fully formed kernels.) They are the ancient cells.

As for the other structures that live inside our own eukaryotic cells (again, it’s Greek, meaning after they became kernels) — they make a fascinating study, but are beyond the scope of this essay.

Eukaryotes are the modern more advanced cells of all plants and animals. It took two billion years for ancient prokaryotic cells to evolve to the modern eukaryotic cells that first appeared 1.5 billion years ago; it is these cells that congregated and evolved to become the plants and animals of today. Click on the links in this essay — such as the links in nearby paragraphs — to access Wikipedia articles, YouTube videos, and other sources to learn more about them.  

Why is DNA called nucleic acid?

Phosphoric acid, which people have used for centuries to remove rust and to fertilize crops makes the DNA supports (or strands) on which hang the rungs of billions of bases. Phosphoric acid is the concentrated, clear syrup that makes Coca-Cola sting the tongue (carbon-dioxide bubbles make Coke sparkle). It’s the acid found inside the nucleus of every cell. 


Apatite crystal from Mexico.

Hundreds of years ago phosphoric acid was made from the stone mineral apatite (calcium phosphate) and sulphuric acid — by-products of the mining and smelting of ores. Today the production process is more arcane and efficient.

Phosphorus is arguably one of the most important elements of life. Only magnesium is more important to viability, because the ATP that powers all cells will not work unless it is bound to it. Folks who aren’t eating whole wheat, spinach, black beans, almonds, and peanuts should probably be taking a daily magnesium supplement. 

People who eat steak consume goodly amounts of phosphoric acid. Early researchers always found this acid in the center of cells, their nucleusScientists called it, nucleic acid

Much later scientists discovered that the DNA sacks were full of bases, crammed together into tangled masses of long, curly chains they called chromosomes (Greek, for colored bodies). 

Chromosomes stained well during lab experiments, which was fortunate for researchers, because color made it easier to see the chromosomes during the short periods of time when the genetic material in the cell’s center took on its distinctive form from out of the shapeless, invisible chromatin, where it lived.

It is by a curious twist of chemical engineering — to my mind, at least — that the bases don’t react with the phosphoric acid that anchors them. The DNA molecules don’t collapse into little piles of salt, like one might expect. Maybe they should; but on Earth, they don’t.

In this sense — the sense in which our DNA is made from acids and bases — we are salt, or could be; we are potentially a very complicated salt, yes, but a salt nonetheless.

A strong argument can be made that proteins and the polypeptide chains that make them are in fact salts. For reasons known only to biochemists, naming conventions hide this reality.  

Amino acids, polypeptides, and proteins are thought of as inner salts and given the name zwitterions, of all things. Salt is at the heart of what and who we might become were it not for idiosyncrasies of nomenclature and the miracle that makes life live

But to get back to phosphoric acid…

Phosphoric acid (phosphate) sacks (or strands) are loaded with toy blocks (bases), so they need something sticky, like sugar, to keep the blocks from falling out. The D in DNA stands for the sticky stuff deoxyribose, which means sugar.


Deoxyribose DNA No Code
This simplified graphic shows sticky sugar (deoxyribose) securing the phosphate rails of a DNA strand to the only two kinds of base-pairs found in DNA — thymine / adenine and guanine / cytosine. The sugar, deoxyribose, forms both a link and a buffer between the acid and the bases; otherwise, the molecule would collapse to become a salt. DNA breaks down completely at 374° Fahrenheit, which is just 72° above the melting point of table sugar. An interesting comparison is the melting point of table salt, which is 1474°F.

DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid.

The sugar and acid, together, form the rails of the famous spiral staircase, upon which the rungs of bases are hung. It’s the most incredible structure in nature. It’s called the double-helix. Some people named Watson, Wilkins, and Crick won a Nobel Prize for figuring it out.

To give readers a sense of scale: If someone were to take the longest strand of the double-helix in our DNA (it’s in chromosome-one) and somehow increased its diameter to one-inch (the thickness of a large garden hose), the DNA strand — when pulled straight — would increase in length to 567 miles (about 40 miles longer than the distance between Nashville and Detroit).

The bases (or toy blocks, as we’ve been calling them) would stack in pairs, eight-pairs-to-the-inch, along the entire 567-mile length of the hose. In this single chromosome, each of the nearly half-billion bases it contains (in 247,199,719 base-pairs) would be about the size of a Tic-Tac breath mint; maybe a bit smaller.

At normal scales, the dimensions are too fantastic to believe. A solitary strand of DNA can’t be seen, even with the aid of most microscopes, but if all the DNA in a single cell could be laid out end to end and flattened to remove the kinks, it would stretch to six-and-a-half feet. 6.5 feet is the length of all the DNA in a typical human cell.

According to Siri, 1E14 cells make a human. It’s “one” followed by 14 zeros. It’s 100 trillion. Other sources say no; the number of cells in a human being is between 15 and 70 trillion. A trillion has twelve zeroes, right?

Do the math. It will show that all the DNA in a single human is enough to spin a strand from the earth to the sun and back 99 to 662 times (which is somewhere between 198 and 1324 astronomical units, right?) depending on who is trusted to do the human cell-count. Does anyone believe it?

An astronomical unit (AU) is simply the distance from the Earth to the Sun. It is the distance traveled by light during 499 seconds, which is 8 minutes and 19 seconds. It’s close to 93 million miles, right?

The point is this: strands of DNA are too thin to see, but in humans their total length is on an astronomical scale that spans two-and-half to sixteen-and-a-half times the diameter of the solar system out to Pluto — a diametral orbital distance that is nearly 80 AU.

It’s a lot of DNA, even if the exact amount is uncertain.


Rosalind Franklin, born 1920 died 1958 actual
Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958). Franklin received her PhD from Cambridge University at age 25. (Her thesis: The physical chemistry of solid organic colloids with special reference to coal.) Franklin spoke several languages, which opened opportunities for her to work in France, where she acquired the skills in X-ray crystallography that enabled her to advance the world to a new understanding of viruses and the molecules of life — DNA.

Rosalind Franklin, the gifted X-ray crystallographer, who did the experimental research that led to the discovery of the double helix, died of ovarian cancer at age 37. The Nobel Prize Committee has a long-standing policy of not awarding prizes to people who have died. It’s why Irish physicist and mathematician John Stewart Bell didn’t receive a prize for his civilization-changing work on quantum-entanglement, after he suffered a brain hemorrhage and perished in 1990. 

In Franklin’s case it was doubly sad, because she was also doing important work on the molecular structure of viruses related to polio (funded by the United States Public Health Service) when cancer overtook her. Once again another scientist — this time her partner, Aaron Klug — received the Nobel Prize that she might have shared.

Had Rosalind Franklin survived to receive two Nobel Prizes — one for her work on the double helix and the other on the structure of polio virus — she would be a household name, like Albert Einstein or Francis Crick or Jonas Salk.

Rosalind lived in a generation and a culture that devalued her; she was a woman who competed with men, some of whom may have undercut her and wanted nothing to do with her, a few admitted. It was a different time, the 1950s. Who knows where the truth lies? 

For Franklin, fame-and-fortune wasn’t to be. Blame cancer, a disease of the “genes”, which she sacrificed her life to understand by working daily with the deadly X-rays that helped her unlock the secrets of viruses and, most important of all, to finally pull aside the opaque curtain that was hiding the shape of the molecule of life: DNA.

Once the structure of the double-helix became known, the potential to store information in a molecular bundle constructed like DNA was immediately recognized — and it appeared to be unlimited. It is why everyone at first thought that the DNA molecule must be a code, like an old-fashioned computer tape.

I’ve suggested that DNA is not a code; neither is it a cipher. Some researchers view DNA more as a storage device and a starting point for processes — complicated processes — that have taken place inside every living cell for 3.5 billion years.

Yes, a group of three bases and an attached amino acid, properly transformed and manipulated by RNA elves inside little protein-making workshops called ribosomes, can help to fabricate and string together colored beads to make necklaces (chains). Chains of amino acids (polypeptides) — properly ordered and folded, again by RNA elves — can become proteins.

Scattered DNA base sequences inside a cell’s nucleus, its center, are a starting point for an involved and complicated process of selection, duplication, transformation, and fabrication before anything useful can happen; before proteins can be built and released for living. 

To think realistically about life, especially human life, people should remind themselves that two-thirds of their bodies is water; two-thirds of what’s left is protein; the rest is mostly fat

Proteins are critical. Unless proteins are made right and duplicated accurately, life-forms will drift; life will change — as it certainly has over the 3.5 billion years that cellular life is known to have lived upon the earth.


The interior of a cell is a complicated space. The space between cells is other-worldly.


The process that goes on inside cells, instead of being thought of as a precisely executed computer code, might better be compared to the process of weather found on every planet in the solar system.

Each planet can be identified by its surface weather, which starts from a kit of basic materials, and is amplified by an avalanche of environmental conditions and chemistries, much like the bases in chromosomes, which are selected, copied, shaped and reshaped, configured and reconfigured by RNA elves and other characters we have yet to meet (because the science of the evolving genome — the genetic material — and the phenome — what animals and plants look like — is still young, and scientists understand less than the little they think they know about the complete process, at least so far).

The processes used to construct life forms by starting with the bases in DNA are analogous to the processes astronomers observe on the planets of our solar system, where each planet creates its weather from the matrix of materials and thermal conditions that seems to define it. Each planet in the solar system has a characteristic weather profile that depends on a chaotic interplay of materials and environment unique to that planet.

Earth has weather; so does Mars and Jupiter. Those who study planets know immediately which planet is which, simply by observing its weather. From telescopes on Earth, each planet looks like its weather. Each has its characteristic colors and patterns. Weather is a planet’s phenotype; it’s what folks see when they look.


Jupiter storm weather DNA No Code
This mammoth storm on Jupiter looks eerily like structures that are found in living cells. The inset is planet Earth, shown for scale.

That’s how it is with life forms, too. Each life form is the result of weather patterns inside cells, which give each animal, plant, and microbe its unique essence; its physical presence in the larger world where it lives.  

It becomes conventional wisdom to think this way about life forms, when one considers that identical twins — two humans who share exactly the same DNA — always display a variety of differences when examined closely.

Identical twins never have the same fingerprints, for example. There are systems of weather occurring around their genetic material in every protein-producing region in their bodies. Epigenetics is the technical term for the study of how it is that variations in phenomes occur in organisms that have identical genomes — that is, identical gene sequences.


Click pic for larger view in new window. (from Wikipedia article, Epigenetics)

The outcomes of these storms are never the same; two supposedly identical children do not always receive the same toys from the RNA elves who rummage through their shared bags (strands) of DNA for the bases they will copy and rework into proteins. Things get mixed up and turned around. One toy gets selected; another doesn’t; one is painted green; another purple. 

What I find interesting is this: identical twins get less identical as they age. They are easier to distinguish.

How many of the differences are due to variations in the production of proteins, which occur at the molecular level?

How much of the variation is induced by external stresses on the genome caused by lifestyle differences? How much is driven by an unavoidable drift in the statistics of protein production, which emerge and diverge over time in each phenome of the twins regardless of their lifestyle choices?


Jurassic_Park_logo
An animal cannot be constructed from its DNA alone. RNA elves — millions of them, like colonies of ants — must do their work.

It’s a chaotic process that produces life on the earth. It’s a process that cannot be described or predicted by mathematics. If it could, scientists might take the DNA from prehistoric bones to create the original animals. Jurassic Park would be more than a Hollywood fantasy, which is what the book, movie, and sequels were and are.

An animal cannot be constructed from its DNA alone. A lot more is required than a simple collection of sequences formed from four bases and frozen in a molecule of DNA. A lot more of life’s machinery is required. The RNA elves — millions of them, like colonies of ants — must do their work. 

When the work is done, and a protein has been made and delivered, the path back is lost, forever. No way exists — or is even possible — to reconstruct the sequence of bases in the DNA that started the process that built the protein. The process is not backward compatible, according to Matthew Cobb, the British zoologist and historian, in his latest book, Life’s Greatest Secret. Not only are the DNA sequences not reachable from knowledge of the proteins alone, but the processing steps that took place between the protein and the DNA are unknowable.

I don’t want to get too Mathy but think about this: sixty-four three-block (or three-base) sequences can in theory “code” for a mere twenty or so amino acids. It means that as many as three or four of those three-base sequences (the transfer elves we talked about earlier) can “code” for the same amino acid.

Reminder: four bases are all the choices DNA offers. Taken three at a time, they are more than enough to “code” for twenty or so amino acids. Get out the calculator, those who don’t believe it.  4 X 4 X 4 = 64. As mentioned earlier, humans have acquired over the eons 48 three-base combinations to work with. Bacteria, for another example, have 31 according to Matthew Cobb. We need less than two dozen.

Amino acid sequences long enough to form proteins can be hundreds to tens-of-thousands of acids long.

Forget about how amino acid chains get folded properly to make proteins. How can anyone work backwards from a protein formed from thousands of amino-acid beads — each one of which was secured to any one of three or four different 3-way combinations of bases (or blocks) — and then go about the task of reconstructing from all those possible combinations the exact sequence of bases (or blocks) in the original DNA, which more than a few random RNA sequences interacted with to make their choices from billions of bases in the first place?

Take a breath. There isn’t enough time in the history of the universe to figure it out for the tens-of-thousands of proteins that it takes to make a functioning animal or plant.

Raise the number “three” (or four, or five, or six, or two; it doesn’t matter) to the thousandth power on a calculator, those who may be having trouble accepting a possibly demoralizing fact. Most calculators will spit out the word, OVERFLOW. The number of possible sequences is impossibly large. It might as well be infinite.


genetic code, from Wikipedia
This is the genetic code. I guess I should show it. (Click the pic for a clearer view.) A lot of folks worked on it; it was a pinch point; a roadblock that once slowed progress toward the understanding of what makes life live; how cells behave. Now that it’s known, is anyone sure it is the only code? The answer is, no. Variations have already been found in nature — at least 15 so far with more expected as researchers continue their work. 

It seems likely that the ”code” has changed in dramatic ways since the first primitive cells formed 3.5 billion years ago. British zoologist, Matthew Cobb, has suggested that words like ”code” and ”information” might better be thought of as mere metaphors when applied to the machinations of complex molecules like DNA and RNA, which — can we admit? — operate on quantum scales for which we humans have no natural intuition.

There are thousands of chains of all different lengths and folding patterns. No one is going to reverse-engineer the DNA of a life-form as complex as a human being from its proteins; nor from its RNA elves; nor from its essential enzymes and catalysts; not anytime soon; not ever. It goes for dinosaurs, trees, or any other reasonably complex living thing — now or from the distant past.

Why do we have to reverse-engineer? Why not read the instructions right off the DNA itself? By now most readers must be starting to understand that the sequences necessary to build proteins are scattered among billions of bases. We can’t find the right ones in the right order. It’s not possible; not for creatures as complex as humans or dinosaurs.

Even if someone could reverse-engineer DNA sequences from proteins, how would they construct and organize the ant-like colonies of RNA elves that must sort through the DNA bases to select and build the right sequences; how do they identify and isolate the sequences necessary to build and orchestrate, for example, the tens-of-thousands of enzymes that are required to give researchers any chance at all to build a functioning human-being or even a prehistoric dinosaur?

It gets more complicated.

Those who don’t believe it might want to read about CNVs, or copy number variations, that disrupt the probabilities that certain base-sequences in genes can be fabricated in the same way time after time. Click the link.

It’s a form of change that has nothing to do with mutations or inheritance. It is more related to the untidy mess that three billion base pairs make whenever they get together to do anything at all. It’s a genetic Woodstock of variation, where almost anything can happen and sometimes does.

Now might be a good time to mention that there are virus infections that can alter the DNA in cells. These viruses are called retroviruses, because they reverse the DNA to RNA transcription process described earlier by introducing an enzyme into the cells they infect. This process is disease producing — it causes cancer — and destroys the host animal (or person) if left untreated.

The enzyme, reverse transcriptase, has become a tool that molecular engineers now use to modify organisms in experiments. Enough said. The weeds of molecular biology grow thick and deep.


Inverse genetic code, Wikipedia
This is the inverse genetic code. I might as well show it, too. (Click the pic for a clearer view.) Tables like this one make the ”code” appear to be comprehensive and far-reaching. Some readers might be surprised to learn that only one or two percent of the bases in human DNA are ever copied by RNA to make proteins. 

Tables like the one above make the ”code” appear comprehensive and far-reaching. Some readers might be surprised to learn that only one or two percent of the bases in human DNA are ever copied by RNA to make proteins.

Added to 2% for protein synthesis is 8% to make little pieces of RNA that oversee and coordinate the process of protein-making — like colonies of swarming ants. The rest of the bases (90%) do other things; maybe — many of them — do nothing at all. No one is really sure what they do or don’t do.

Geneticists used to believe they could clone animals from their DNA sequences alone. Yes, there once was a cloned sheep named Dolly. Some readers may have read about her.

After many heart-breaking failures, researchers managed to take the DNA from the mammary gland of one sheep, inject it into the nucleus of an egg from a second sheep, and implant this DNA cocktail into the womb of a third. By some miracle, Dolly was conceived and born, on July 5, 1996.


Dolly cloned sheep, cropped from pic Tony Barros, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Dolly (5 July 1996 – 14 Feb 2003). Pic by Tony Barros, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Sheep live twelve years, on average. By Dolly’s fourth year arthritis crippled her. At year seven researchers euthanized her; she had developed a chronic and incurable lung disease.

Dolly was the recipient of arguably the best healthcare any sheep ever received in the history of veterinary medicine. She didn’t do well. Click this link for an update on the Dolly research.

For the sake of complete accuracy, permit me to admit that no one I know clones sheep anymore. There are too many failures. The failure rate for clones is right around 100%. 

Some breeders claim to clone horses, which they sell to folks who hope to increase their odds of winning races. I can argue that their definition of cloning differs from science, and the proof is that the horses have noticeable differences which negatively impact their ability to win.

Clone researchers, as far as anyone knows, have never used DNA alone, anyway. All borrow the enzymes, RNA, ribosomes, and other cell structures of other life forms to incubate the DNA they play with to try to create “artificial” life.

Mitochondrial DNA is unreachable. It is produced only in the ovum of the female. Mitochondrial DNA carried by sperm is miniscule in amount and quickly identified and destroyed in the fertilized egg.

Any technique that involves in vitro fertilization can bypass this natural process and inadvertently scramble the DNA in mitochondria. It can be debilitating, even disease producing.  

Any technique that swaps out nuclear DNA while avoiding mitochondrial DNA doesn’t get to the power source of cells — a major enabler of stamina and endurance. In racehorses, the role of mtDNA is probably crucial, it seems to me.

My point is that duplicating a DNA sequence is not enough to produce an identical copy of an animal as complex as a sheep, horse, or human. Too much other stuff is going on during reproduction that is not controllable or even known.

And speaking of enzymes, can we please not go there? I’m reminded of Chris Farley in the 1992 movie, Almost Heroes

Does anyone remember?

His tutor asks him to learn the symbol for lowercase A. ”What do you want from me?” Chris bellows while rolling his eyes and clawing his hair. ”You want my head to explode?!”

Well, no, of course not. But for those who have to know more, why not push ourselves just a little bit harder? May I point out the obvious? Enzymes speed up chemical reactions. A chemical reaction that might under normal circumstances take years can be reduced to milliseconds by an optimally configured enzyme.

Some enzymes are made from RNA; most are proteins; in fact, most proteins are enzymes; they all get their start from sequences of bases hidden deep within the mountains of DNA inside our cells. These bases are selected, copied, and transformed into their many convoluted shapes for a very special reason: to help accelerate over 5,000 processes inside cells.

Without these highly specialized structures, metabolism would grind to a halt; DNA and RNA would acquire all the mobility of a conga-line of standing stones; cell processes would freeze into a petrified forest of non-living complexity. Life as we know it would be impossible, code or no code.


XNA DNA No Code
This is XNA. I’m told it’s less messy and easier to manipulate than DNA. It’s very good at being loaded with code and used as a storage device for information.

Here is a good question: Has any research team ever created artificial life in a laboratory?

Craig Venter, who has been interviewed on 60 Minutes and appeared in several Ted Talks videos, says that he has. He oversees a number of research labs funded by big oil and the government. His labs write computer code to generate base sequences, which they construct and then inject into yeast (among other techniques) to produce life-forms that they hope will someday lead to biofuels and greenhouse gas inhibitors.

Among other accomplishments, one of the labs, the Craig Venter Institute, is known to have introduced a gene from the bacteria, escherichia coli, into the earth’s toughest microbe, “Conan the Bacterium” (Deinococcus radiodurans), to create microbes that can detoxify radioactive wastes at nuclear facilities.    

So, the answer to the question about whether anyone has ever created artificial life must be, probably not, not really — not from scratch, anyway. Yes, people have done amazing things. No one has created life without using existing life to do it, though. The process is too complex. On Earth, it has taken 4.5 billion years.  

Many argue that life fell to Earth from the stars. Even Earth itself might not have been able to ignite the spark that led to humans and all the life we know.

In 2012 a different group of researchers did find a way to arrange a set of different bases inside DNA-like molecules called XNA. But it was a way of coding sequences only; it didn’t produce or even arrange proteins into anything that could be called, alive

The “X” stands for the Greek word, Xeno, which means “other.”  XNA is other nucleic acid.

An informed reader told me that in fact a protein was made from a sequence of XNA in 2015. If true, the future of genetics could get interesting in coming decades.

XNA is at the very least the precursor, many hope, for long-term storage of massive amounts of information in small, stable molecules — demanded now by data-churning behemoths such as CERN, home of the world’s most powerful particle-collider, located in Geneva, Switzerland.

Just because artificially constructed molecules like XNA can store useful information does not mean that DNA does the same. People have imagined meaning into the bases of DNA, which they simply don’t have — to help better understand their function and to more effectively manipulate them — for good or ill.

Another development in 2012, which some readers may remember, is that researchers learned to use a process known by the acronym CRISPR to change the sequence of bases in stretches of DNA. They adapted an immunization process that bacteria use to kill viruses and defend against subsequent attacks. 


Click on the pic to open a more readable image in another tab.

Bacteria use CRISPR to suck the DNA out of an attacking virus, which they store in a kind of library for future reference. If a bacterium survives and the virus dies, somehow the bacteria is able to develop a quick-kill strategy that it will use whenever it is invaded by more DNA that matches a copy in its collection.

Researchers learned to create novel CRISPR DNA based on the system used by bacteria. They then attached RNA guides and cas9 protein shears to the sequences. They learned to deploy the assemblies to search and destroy bad DNA; and to insert designer DNA in its place in the cells of plants and animals; even humans.

These scientists insist that gene “therapies” are necessary, because the fact is: DNA is defective — most of it, anyway. Very few humans are symmetrical, attractive, disease-free, smart, emotionally stable, long-lived, or any other desirable trait anyone might want that is driven by how humans are built, or how they are “coded” at a molecular level.


Crisper video published October 25, 2019 on YouTube. 


Gene drivers (mentioned in the first paragraphs of this article) are being developed in coordination with CRISPR techniques to enable changes to DNA molecules that will be permanent and transmittable 100% of the time. Their success will depend on how well lab technicians understand what is going on inside the molecules of life; and inside our cells.

Editor’s note: In January 2018 some researchers admitted that problems related to positional locating have created a roadblock to success for CRISPR technologies. They hope to solve the difficulties soon to avoid a catastrophic failure in the application of this heralded gene-altering process. One process under development that seems to promise more precision and speed is to use electro-magnetic positioning in place of viruses.

I believe we need to slow down and learn more before we unleash immortal genes into the biosphere that no one can pull back and which may turn out to be harmful despite best intentions. Asilomar style conferences that lead to best-practice regulations with the force of international law behind them are desperately needed to control biotechnologies that are quickly getting out-of-hand and beyond the control or understanding of government and politicians.

It is quite certain that PCR technology (polymerase chain reaction amplification), which scientists use to amplify into a viewable goo the molecules of DNA-style life might be misleading folks into believing that DNA-style life is all there is.

Earth could be infested with non-DNA based life, but no one will know until other technologies capable of detecting and amplifying it are developed and perfected.

People need to remind themselves that we are talking about molecules here — molecules of life that can’t be seen — even with help of the most sophisticated microscopes. Everything science knows comes from amplification techniques and mathematical analyses. I hope someday to write an essay on the techniques scientists use to tease out what they know for sure about these next-to-impossible-to-observe molecules.

Serious scientists refer to the possibility for the existence of non-DNA style life as the “shadow biosphere.” If this non-DNA life interacts with our own in a symbiotic way, the potential for harm, it seems to me, increases the more lab technicians play around with molecules they don’t fully understand while they remain oblivious to life they can’t detect, because they lack appropriate laboratory tools and techniques.

An even messier problem is “dark DNA”.  It’s DNA that can’t be found, though tests clearly show it must exist for certain cell processes to work right.

Some researchers argue that as many as twenty thousand proteins are manufactured in humans that, when they search the human genome, they can’t find the sequences that are required to be there, somewhere, to enable the proteins to be built. I urge readers to click this link to learn more about this potentially serious inability of sequencers to decode DNA accurately and completely.

No one knows what they don’t know; and what they don’t know can kill us all, if lab workers aren’t cautious. Researchers know they don’t know stuff — important stuff if they intend to play around with gene drivers and CRISPR induced gene sequencing.

Researchers might be walking through a genetic minefield but are so eager to cross that they ignore the dangers of amputated limbs; the loss of sight and hearing; the possibilities for disfigurement to the genomes and phenomes of species like our own, which all people may one day come to regret.

No human is perfect. Sometimes our imperfections are caused not by bad stretches of DNA but by naughty RNA elves who copy less than optimal sections of bases, which they hammer together into less-than-optimal genes, which can screw-up a sequence of amino acids. The RNA elves end up making defective proteins that pollute cells, damage our bodies, and make our lives miserable. 

To the extent that these screw-ups are the result of a lousy sequence of bases in our DNA, perhaps these patterns will be able to be altered using CRISPR technology (if anyone can get it to work right), which is likely to increase the odds of inducing better outcomes. But many screw-ups, perhaps most, are not caused by poorly sequenced genes constructed from DNA.

Many problems result from bad choices made by some arbitrary RNA elf, for example, who might have decided, perhaps, to cut and paste a random mix of bad sections it rummaged from the DNA strands; its errors and mistakes might not always be able to be located, identified, and repaired successfully. Renegade RNA elves are hard to track down and kill; at least so far.

Some problems can be caused by all kinds of things not related to DNA, like temperature, quantum effects, and cosmic radiation, including sunlight. The number of things that can go wrong with the weather-environment inside cells is enormous. Copy number variations in gene sequencing is another problem area that I mentioned earlier. 

Safety and reliability are probably the two most important reasons why our haystacks of six-billion DNA bases hide a mere twenty-one thousand so-called genes, most of which are scattered in pieces throughout our vast DNA bundled-network.

Those few sequences that are important for survival are less likely to be attacked and mutated if they are surrounded by sequences of little or no value to survival and good health. Base-sequences essential to life hide within chromatin like proverbial needles in a haystack.


dolphin DNA No Code
Dolphins have noses but can’t smell; they lack olfactory lobes. Sequences in their DNA have been identified that resemble corrupted versions of sequences related to olfactory lobes in other mammals.

Big chunks of DNA are thought to be junk — relics left behind by billions of years of evolution and change. Junk DNA could be a legacy of screw-ups and obsolescence. Dolphins, for example, have noses, but can’t smell. They seem to have a lot of corrupt DNA sequences related to smell, which are broken and don’t work due to neglect and disuse.

Humans are no different. We have DNA we no longer use. Through disuse, our base sequences, some of them, get corrupted over time, some think, and become unusable. The base sequences don’t get up and go anywhere, though. They just hang around, paralyzed, doing nothing. They become unrecognizable to the RNA elves, who learn somehow to avoid them.

Mitochondria and bacteria don’t seem to have much, if any, junk DNA, but humans, like other animals and plants, have almost no nuclear DNA that isn’t junk. It’s kind of mysterious.

A Russian agronomist from the Soviet era, renown in his time as an expert on the cultivation of wheat, Trofim Denisovich Lysenko, believed that plants and animals which were unlucky enough to find themselves subject to environmental stresses could draw on reserves from a pool of what is today called junk DNA to change their hereditary direction and enhance their survival odds. His idea has yet to be discredited.

The simple onion has 16 billion base pairs in its DNA. The loblolly pine tree — it’s an important source of lumber, which thrives in southern swamps — houses 22 billion.  Humans have 3 billion. 


EDITORS NOTE: As of January 2018, a Mexican salamander that can regrow limbs (the axolotl) has been sequenced. It is known to have 32 billion base pairs. 


What do all these bases code for? They code for nothing, apparently. Maybe they are a warehouse of survival tools left behind as the distant past of billions-of-years ago gradually transforms itself into now; our miraculous present.

Another compelling idea that occurred to me as I wrote this essay is that the tangled mess of unused DNA in every plant and animal might have grown both in volume and complexity during ancient times — quite apart from environmental pressures on the life-forms themselves.

Could massive DNA growth have preceded evolution to enable and accelerate biodiversity during unforeseen environmental catastrophes?

It’s important to find out, because statistical studies on the rate of mutations seem to support the idea that mutational frequency cannot be the primary driver of species differentiation. Mutation rates are too low; the process is a snail’s pace compared to what is needed to transform a chimpanzee for example into an orangutan; or primates of any kind into humans.

Is it possible that mammoth reservoirs of disorganized and unused bases grew and multiplied inside the nuclei of ancient cells — like molds in petri dishes — to fuel bio-explosions of diversity and complexity when conditions were right?  It’s a thought.

An abundant supply of unused DNA combined with aggressive colonies of swarming RNA segments might help to explain rapid, diverse bio-blooms (and even account for absences in fossil records) that seem to have occurred during the Cambrian era — to cite one example out of many.

The world’s smartest people are just getting started in the field of molecular genetics. Despite all that others have learned, much remains to know; more, much more, remains to discover and understand. Secrets hide in the complexity that are certain to better explain how biodiversity bloomed on planet Earth.  

DNA bases are not a code, it seems to me; they are simply a platform for departing mRNA trains that, when properly coupled, can become assembly templates for chains of amino acids — complex assemblies of molecules that depend on very many processes and structures to have even the remotest chance of being transfigured by ribosomes into a seeming infinity of unlikely proteins — matrices of proteins and other structures, which have risen from the dust and the seas like the miracles of angels; an endless froth of bubbles; a deluge of structures that have over eons shaped the messy, sometimes ugly, often beautiful human beings and all other life on our planet; our home; our beloved Earth.

Billy Lee


Matthew Cobb, British Zoologist and Historian
Matthew Cobb, British Zoologist and Historian

RECOMMENDED BOOK:

In 2015, the University of Manchester zoology professor, Matthew Cobb, published an incredible book: Life’s Greatest Secret.  Science celebrity, Brian Cox — in typically British understatement — labeled it, “a bloody brilliant book.”

Adam Rutherford, the British geneticist said, ”This is the definitive history of arguably the greatest of all scientific revolutions.” 

Life’s Greatest Secret is a must read for anyone who is interested in the science and history of the human genome. We strongly advise our readers to buy and read this important book. Billy Lee has read it twice, marking it up each time with magic-marker and margin-notes. It is a science blockbuster; a fantastic book written in an engaging, easy-to-understand style.

Billy Lee wants to acknowledge and thank Professor Mathew Cobb for writing Life’s Greatest Secret, which helped to inspire this essay: NO CODE.

The Editorial Board